Ability of Helicobacter pylori to internalize into Candida

Table 1 Divergent perspectives about the intracellular occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in Candida

Experimental facts and conclusions from Siavoshi and Saniee (proponents)[2-8]	The opposing view from Alipour and Gaeini (opponents)[1]	Experimental facts and conclusions from our lab[9]
The yeast cell can serve as a specialized niche and environmental reservoir for H. pylori. Koch’s postulates are not applicable	Since Koch’s postulates were not practiced in the study of H. pylori internalizing Candida, the hypothesis that the yeast can act as a vehicle to transfer H. pylori into humans is incorrect	Although no live H. pylori have been cultured from Candida cells, H. pylori-specific genes, antigens, and urease activity are positive in these Candida strains. The potency of H. pylori-internalized Candida in disease transmission and pathogenicity can be determined by molecular Koch’s postulates
The IgY-H. pylori antibody has been used as a marker for localizing H. pylori inside yeast vacuoles	The presence of H. pylori in yeast cells demonstrated by IgY-H. pylori is inaccurate	The presence of H. pylori in vaginal and fecal Candida has been determined through immunofluorescence microscopy with IgG-H. pylori
The intracellular occurrence of H. pylori in the vaginal yeast of pregnant mothers provides potency for the transmission of H. pylori to newborns through vaginal yeast	The intracellular occurrence of H. pylori inside yeast is not reliable. If yeast can host H. pylori, the prevalence of H. pylori infection should be higher in females than in males owing to the higher yeast infection rate in the female population. However, the situation is the other way around	The intracellular occurrence of H. pylori in vaginal Candida of mothers and fecal Candida of newborns has been determined and suggests the transmission of H. pylori to newborns through vaginal yeast

Our experimental results and perspectives are consistent with Siavoshi and Saniee (proponents). H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.