Hepatocellular carcinoma and musculoskeletal system: A narrative literature review

Figure 2 Schematic representation of possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms of musculoskeletal alterations in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The possible roles of multiple factors leading to musculoskeletal alterations in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are shown. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; FGF-2: Fibroblast-like growth factor 2; GH: Growth hormone; IL: Interleukin; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; OCN: Osteocalcin; SOST: Sclerostin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.