Capsule endoscopy and panendoscopy: A journey to the future of gastrointestinal endoscopy

Table 3 Indications and contraindications for pan-intestinal capsule endoscopy

Indications	Contraindications
CD	(1) Known or suspected intestinal strictures and/or fistulae (if patency not proven based on cross sectional imaging and/or patency capsule assessment[14]); (2) Magnetic resonance imaging examination scheduled for same-day or following days (requires prior confirmation of capsule excretion); and (3) Special conditions and relative contraindications: pregnancy; children under 8 yr of age; swallowing disorders; gastric surgery; implanted cardiac electric devices: Pacemakers, defibrillators, ventricular assist devices, telemetry; allergy or contraindications to any of the drugs or products used in the protocol; patients unable to walk for short periods and/or with neurological and/or psychiatric condition potentially favouring protocol deviations
Inflammatory-type (non-stricturing, non-penetrating), extensive (affecting small bowel and colon)
Scheduled monitoring to evaluate mucosal healing in response to treatment (to justify and guide treatment change)
Evaluate disease distribution and severity: stratify patients to low vs high risk (prognosis); asymptomatic CD patients with abnormal analysis; exclude active CD or investigation of symptoms unrelated to disease activity
Establish diagnosis in patients with IBD-U, suspected CD or atypical ulcerative colitis
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Suspected mid-lower intestinal bleeding (overt or occult)

CD: Crohn’s disease; IBD-U: Inflammatory bowel disease - type unclassified.