Machine learning identifies the risk of complications after laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the training group and validation groups (mean ± SD)

Characteristic	Training group			Validation group
	LGC (n = 998)	LTG (n = 572)	LDG (n = 426)	LGC (n = 398)	LTG (n = 165)	LDG (n = 233)
Age	59.8 (11.31)	60.0 (11.22)	59.6 (11.44)	57.8 (12.4)	59.2 (12.2)	57.0 (12.4)
Gender
Female	307	156	151	173	45	82
male	691	416	275	342	120	151
BMI	22.6 (3.2)	22.9 (3.2)	22.3 (3.2)	22.6 (3.4)	22.7 (3.6)	22.5 (3.4)
ASA score
2	964	556	408	365	148	217
3	34	16	18	33	17	16
ECOG score
0	810	460	350	142	69	73
1	158	98	60	231	89	142
2	30	14	16	25	7	18
Severe heart disease	4	1	3	22	17	5
Severe lung disease	10	5	5	18	12	6
Hypertension	140	71	69	78	39	39
Diabetes	67	30	37	52	27	25
Operative time (min)	240 (63.0)	246.8 (73.1)	230.9 (44.6)	280.9 (76.4)	308.0 (86.1)	267.2 (68.9)
Bleeding volume (min)	130.5 (115.4)	147.8 (128.5)	107.3 (90.0)	54.3 (57.6)	78.7 (67.4)	57.9 (51.6)
Blood transfusion (mL)	25.5 (138.1)	34.3 (172.3)	13.62 (67.9)	19.0 (132.4)	11.0 (65.1)	22.0 (154.0)
Complication	139	64	75	78	51	27
ClavienDindo
0	859	508	351	320	114	206
1	14	5	9	17	10	7
2	93	34	59	56	38	18
3	29	24	5	5	3	2
4	3	1	2	0	0	0

BMI: Body mass index; LDG: Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy; LTG: Laparoscopic total gastrectomy; LGC: Localized gastric cancer; ASA: Aneshesiologists; ECOG: Eastern Collaborative Oncology Group.