Clinical impact of artificial intelligence-based solutions on imaging of the pancreas and liver

Table 2 Summary of works based on artificial intelligence for automated diagnosis of pancreas and hepatobiliary system diseases

Anatomical area	Modality	AI model	What is diagnosed?	Ref.
Liver	Scintiscan	ANN	Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis	[114]
	CT	ANN	HCC, intra-hepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, hemangioma, metastases	[52]
		CNN	HCC, malignant liver tumors, indeterminate mases, hemangiomas, cysts	[53]
			Liver fibrosis	[50,115]
		SVM	Cirrhosis and HCC	[51]
			Malignant liver tumors	[54]
		KNN, SVM, RF	HCC	[116]
	MRI	CNN	HCC	[55]
			Simple cyst, cavernous hemangioma, FNH, HCC, ICC	[56,57]
		Extremely randomized trees	Adenomas, cysts, hemangiomas, HCC, metastases	[58]
	US	PNN	Benign and malignant focal liver lesions	[65]
		SVM	Fatty liver	[68]
			HCC	[66]
		CNN	Focal liver lesions: Angioma, metastasis, HCC, cyst, FNH	[67]
			Liver fibrosis stages	[69]
Biliary system	MRI	ANN	Cholangiocarcinoma	[59,60]
			Lymph node status in ICC	[117]
Pancreas	CT	Hybrid SVM-RF	Pancreas cancer	[76]
		SVM	Serous cystic neoplasms	[72]
		CNN	IPMN, mucinous cystic neoplasm, serous cystic neoplasm, solid pseudopapillary tumor	[73]
	MRI	SVM	IPMN	[78]
	US	ANN	Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma	[81]
		CNN	Malignancy in IPMN	[82]
			Autoimmune pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis	[83]

CT: Computerized tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; US: Ultrasound; ANN: Artificial neural network; CNN: Convolutional neural network; SVM: Support vector machine; KNN: K-nearest neighbors; RF: Random forest; PNN: Probabilistic neural network; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; FNH: Focal nodular hyperplasia; ICC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; IPMN: Intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm.