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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 28, 2023; 29(8): 1261-1288
Published online Feb 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i8.1261
Published online Feb 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i8.1261
Organic causes | |
Abnormalities of colon and rectum | Anal or colonic stenosis. Imperforate anus. Anteriorly displaced or ectopic anus. Cloacal malformations. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction |
Systemic disorders | Hypothyroidism. Hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia. Diabetes mellitus. Panhypopituitarism. Cerebral palsy. Myotonia congenita. Scleroderma. Amyloidosis. Mixed connective tissue disease. Myotonic dystrophy. Progressive systemic sclerosis |
Others | Cystic fibrosis. Celiac disease. Heavy metal ingestion (lead, mercury) |
Spinal cord abnormalities | Meningomyelocele. Spinal cord tumor. Sacral agenesis. Tethered cord |
Neuropathic intestinal disorders | Hirschsprung’s disease. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Chagas disease. Abnormal muscle of abdomen. Prune belly syndrome. Gastroschisis |
Drugs | Opiates. Anticholinergics. Antacids. Antihypertensives. Antimotility agents. Cholestyramine. Psychotropics. Diuretics |
- Citation: Tran DL, Sintusek P. Functional constipation in children: What physicians should know. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(8): 1261-1288
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i8/1261.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i8.1261