Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 28, 2023; 29(8): 1261-1288
Published online Feb 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i8.1261
Table 4 Organic causes of constipation[1]
Organic causes

Abnormalities of colon and rectumAnal or colonic stenosis. Imperforate anus. Anteriorly displaced or ectopic anus. Cloacal malformations. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Systemic disordersHypothyroidism. Hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia. Diabetes mellitus. Panhypopituitarism. Cerebral palsy. Myotonia congenita. Scleroderma. Amyloidosis. Mixed connective tissue disease. Myotonic dystrophy. Progressive systemic sclerosis
OthersCystic fibrosis. Celiac disease. Heavy metal ingestion (lead, mercury)
Spinal cord abnormalitiesMeningomyelocele. Spinal cord tumor. Sacral agenesis. Tethered cord
Neuropathic intestinal disordersHirschsprung’s disease. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Chagas disease. Abnormal muscle of abdomen. Prune belly syndrome. Gastroschisis
DrugsOpiates. Anticholinergics. Antacids. Antihypertensives. Antimotility agents. Cholestyramine. Psychotropics. Diuretics