Relation of COVID-19 with liver diseases and their impact on healthcare systems: The Portuguese case

Table 1 Coronavirus disease 2019 studies in Portuguese individuals with preexisting liver disease

Ref.	Breadth and type of study	Analyzed individuals (N)	Data source	Period of data collection	Age range (yr)	Preexisting liver disease (%)	Study findings
[63]	National Retrospective (observational) study	20.293	SINAVE (DGS)	January 1-April 21, 2020	[0 to > 86]	0.53%	Risk of mortality: (1) Higher in the male gender; (2) Higher in older age groups; and (3) Increases with the presence of comorbidities
[61]	National Retrospective observational study	36.244	DGS	March 2–June 30, 2020	[18 to > 80]	0.57%	The presence of simultaneous diseases is significantly associated with negative outcomes in individuals with COVID-19
[60]	National Retrospective cohort study	38.545	DGS	March 2–June 30, 2020	[0 to > 70]	0.60%	Risk of hospitalization: (1) Lower in females; (2) Increases with age; and (3) Increases with the presence of comorbidities
[62]	National Retrospective cohort study	20.293	DGS	March 1-April 28, 2020	[0 to > 90]	0.50%	Risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death: (1) Higher in males; (2) Increases with age; and (3) Increases with the presence of comorbidities
[64]	National Retrospective (observational) study	6.701	SICO DGS)	The year 2020	[0 to > 0]	No information available	The risk of hospitalization and lethality is higher in males and increases with age
[59]	A retrospective cohort study in a university hospital center	317	University Hospital Center of Porto (CHUP)	March 2-May 4, 020	[18 to 5]	4.42%	Hepatic enzyme changes in COVID-19 individuals were frequent but mostly mild; AST, unlike ALT, was associated with worse clinical outcomes, such as the severity of COVID-19 and mortality

All results are represented in frequency (N, number of individuals) and percentage (%). General Health Directorate of Portugal–DGS (Direção geral de Saúde de Portugal)/National e-Death Certificates Information System–SICO (Sistema de Informação do Certificados de Óbito) (SICO)/National System for Epidemiological Surveillance–SINAVE (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica). COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ICU: Intensive care unit.