Gene targeted and immune therapies for nodal and gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas

Figure 2 Genetic mutations that cause follicular lymphoma development and microRNAs that regulate onset and tumor cell growth. Novel therapeutic agents have been developed to target FL-associated gene mutations involved in follicular lymphoma (FL) pathogenesis and proliferation. MicroRNAs are secreted from the FL cytoplasm as exosomes and internalized into recipient cells where they are transduced and regulate gene expression via upregulation or downregulation. FL: Follicular lymphoma; BCR: B-cell receptor; BTE(i): Bispecific T-cell binding antibodies (inhibitor); PD-L1(i): Programmed death ligand 1 antibody (inhibitor); miRNA: MicroRNA; mRNA: Messenger RNA; PI3K(i): Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (inhibitor); BTK(i): Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (inhibitor); AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; EZH2(i): Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (inhibitor).