Frailty in end-stage liver disease: Understanding pathophysiology, tools for assessment, and strategies for management

Table 1 Definition of frailty, different types of sarcopenias, malnourishment, and cachexia

	Definition
Frailty	A condition where patients undergo a reduction in their physical abilities and become more vulnerable to health-related challenges, leading to negative health consequences. It is a multifaceted concept that involves different aspects such as physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors[8]
Malnourishment	An imbalance in the consumption of nutrients, whether it be a deficiency or an excess, can have detrimental effects on the body’s tissues and overall physical form[9]
Cachexia	A metabolic syndrome that is complex and linked to an underlying illness. It is distinguished by the reduction of muscle mass, with or without a decrease in fat mass[10]
Sarcopenia	A debilitating syndrome that is marked by a gradual and widespread decline in both skeletal muscle mass and strength[11]
Dynapenia	The pre-sarcopenia stage, in which only muscle strength is reduced[12]
Primary sarcopenia	The loss of anatomical skeletal muscle mass in the aging population[13]
Secondary sarcopenia	The loss of skeletal muscle mass in various chronic diseases[14]
Compound sarcopenia	The combination of primary (i.e., age-related) and secondary (i.e., disease-related) sarcopenia. It occurs in older patients with chronic diseases[15]
Sarcopenic obesity	A state of decreased muscle mass in the setting of increased fat mass. The muscle wasting can be obscured by increased muscle mass, making specialized testing and management necessary[16]