Role of exosomes in metastasis and therapeutic resistance in esophageal cancer

Figure 1 Exosome biogenesis, uptake, and contents. Briefly, the biogenesis of exosomes involves the inward invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, the transition from early endosomes to late endosomes, the maturation of late endosomes into multivesicular bodies, the generation of ILVs, and the release of ILVs into the extracellular environment to become exosomes. Exosomes are structured with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Recipient cells mainly uptake exosomes through the manner of endocytosis, direct fusion, macropinocytosis and binding with receptors. MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; TGN: Trans-Golgi network; MVB: Multivesicular body.