Trends in gastrointestinal disease hospitalizations and outcomes during the first year of the coronavirus pandemic

Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of select gastrointestinal hospitalizations in California, 2018-2020, n (%)

Variables	2018	2019	2020	P value
Age, yr				< 0.001
18-44	47019 (27.7)	46521 (27.2)	40924 (28.1)
45-64	56369 (33.2)	5598 (32.7)	46629 (32.0)
65-84	51757 (30.5)	53860 (31.5)	45944 (31.6)
≥ 85	14693 (8.7)	14806 (8.6)	12062 (8.3)
Sex				< 0.001
Male	78081 (46.0)	78928 (46.1)	68873 (47.3)
Female	91745 (54.0)	92239 (53.9)	76677 (52.7)
Race				< 0.001
White	81404 (48.3)	79531 (46.8)	66613 (46.2)
African American	13080 (7.8)	13016 (7.7)	11219 (7.8)
Hispanic	53962 (32.0)	55153 (32.5)	47629 (33.0)
Asian Pacific Islander	13422 (8.0)	13894 (8.2)	11375 (7.9)
Native American	555 (0.3)	835 (0.5)	485 (0.3)
Other	6286 (3.7)	7336 (4.3)	6947 (4.8)
Payer				< 0.001
Medicare	68639 (40.4)	70861 (41.4)	59701 (41.0)
Medicaid	48581 (28.6)	48048 (28.1)	42046 (28.9)
Private	45612 (26.9)	44389 (25.9)	37733 (25.9)
Self-pay	3492 (2.1)	3864 (2.3)	2948 (2.0)
No charge	204 (0.1)	272 (0.2)	170 (0.1)
Other	3254 (1.9)	3707 (2.2)	2931 (2.0)
Elixhauser comorbidity index				< 0.001
0	28927 (17.0)	28648 (16.7)	23244 (16.0)
1	31228 (18.4)	31049 (18.1)	26001 (17.9)
2	28036 (16.5)	28078 (16.4)	24118 (16.6)
≥ 3	81647 (48.1)	83401 (48.7)	72196 (49.6)
Bacterial pneumonia	4232 (2.5)	4285 (2.5)	3856 (2.6)	0.008
Bacterial pneumonia/respiratory failure specific mortality	248 (0.1)	271 (0.2)	275 (0.2)	0.009
Viral pneumonia	76 (0.0)	82 (0.0)	724 (0.5)	< 0.001
Viral pneumonia/respiratory failure specific mortality	6 (0.0)	5 (0.0)	80 (0.1)	< 0.001
COVID-19 specific mortality	-	-	123 (0.08)	< 0.001
All-cause mortality	1667 (1.0)	1644 (1.0)	1723 (1.2)	< 0.001

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.