Enhanced glucose homeostasis via Clostridium symbiosum-mediated glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in mid-intestinal bypass surgery

Figure 5 Changes in intestinal bile acid profile in rats after mid-small intestine bypass, correlating significantly with intestinal hormones and key enzymes of gluconeogenesis. A: Changes in primary bile acid profile in rats; B: Changes in secondary bile acid profile in rats; C: Correlation analysis of bile acid with glucagon-like peptide 1 and factors regulating gluconeogenesis; D: Expression of bile acid synthase and transcription factor, fibroblast growth factor 21. E: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 and farnesoid X receptor WB results. F: Correlation analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s test or two-way ANOVA, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. PCK1: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; TGR5: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; G6PC: Glucose-6-phosphatase; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; GDCA: Glyco-deoxycholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; TDCA: Taurodeoxycholic acid; GUDCA: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; FOXO1: Forkhead box O1; PGC1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; MSIB: Mid-small intestine bypass; CYP: Cytochrome P450; BAAT: Bile acid-CoA amino acid N-acyltransferase; BACS: Bile acid-CoA synthetase; FGF21: Fibroblast growth aactor 21; TGR5: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; FXR: Farnesol X receptor.