Enhanced glucose homeostasis via Clostridium symbiosum-mediated glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in mid-intestinal bypass surgery

Figure 3 Increased glycogen reserves and decreased expression of gluconeogenesis-related enzymes and transcription factors in rat liver after mid-small intestine bypass. A and B: Glycogen staining and comparison of liver tissue sections; C: Expression of key gluconeogenesis enzymes and regulatory-related transcription factors. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s test or two-way ANOVA, ^aP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.001. MSIB: Mid-small intestine bypass; PCK1: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1; G6PC: Glucose-6-phosphatase; FOXO1: Forkhead box O1; PGC1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein.