Enhanced glucose homeostasis via Clostridium symbiosum-mediated glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis in mid-intestinal bypass surgery

Figure 2 The serum lipid metabolism was improved, serum glucagon-like peptide 1 level was increased and intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1 transcript was increased in rats after mid-small intestine bypass. A: Changes in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, non-high-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acids levels in rats after surgery; B: Changes in serum gastrointestinal hormones in rats after surgery; C: Changes in intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1, fibroblast growth factor 19, fibroblast growth factor 21, LAT1, glycine transporter 1 transcript in rats after surgery. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s test or two-way ANOVA, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. TG: Triglycerides; CHOL: Cholesterol; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; NHDL: Non-high-density lipoprotein; FFA: Free fatty acid; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; PYY: Peptide tyrosine tyrosine; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; GLYT1: Glycine transporter 1.