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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 28, 2023; 29(36): 5198-5210
Published online Sep 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i36.5198
Published online Sep 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i36.5198
Table 1 Etiologies of biliary strictures
Benign | Malignant |
Postoperative or iatrogenic strictures: After cholecystectomy, liver transplantation or surgical procedures involving pancreas. Local cancer treatment including radiation therapy, chemoembolization, and microwave ablation | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
Chronic pancreatitis | Cholangiocarcinoma |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis | Gallbladder malignancy |
Trauma | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Infection: Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, AIDS cholangiopathy | Ampullary carcinoma |
Autoimmune: IgG4 related sclerosing cholangitis, sarcoidosis | Metastatic tumors or perihilar malignant nodes (colon cancer, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, squamous cell carcinoma) |
Vascular: Ischemia, portal hypertensive biliopathy | Less common: Lymphomas or neuroendocrine tumors |
Primary biliary cirrhosis | |
Rarely COVID-19 cholangiopathy, gallstones, inflammatory bowel disease or medications |
- Citation: Yadlapati S, Mulki R, Sánchez-Luna SA, Ahmed AM, Kyanam Kabir Baig KR, Peter S. Clinical approach to indeterminate biliary strictures: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and workup. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(36): 5198-5210
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i36/5198.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i36.5198