Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies in the targeted therapy era

Table 3 Studies of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (all studies were retrospective)

Ref.	Disease type	Therapy	N	CHB, n	Past resolved HBV infection, n	Antiviral prophylaxis, % patients	Definition of HBV reactivation	Rate of HBV reactivation	HBV-related death
Zhang et al[129], 2019	Solid tumors, lymphoma (7%)	PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, toripalimab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, atezolizumab)	114	114	0	74.6% received prophylaxis (entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir)	AASLD 2018 guidelines	6 (5.3%)	0
Wong et al[127], 2021	Solid tumors	PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, spartalizumab), PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab), CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab, tremelimumab)	990	397	225	100% for CHB, and 11.3% for past HBV infection (entecavir, TAF, TDF, lamivudine, telbivudine, ADV)	AASLD 2018 guidelines	2/397 (0.5%); none in the resolved HBV group	0
Yoo et al[128], 2022	Solid tumors, lymphoma (1.8%)	PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab), CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab, tremelimumab)	3465	511	564	90.8% for CHB, 1.1% for HBsAg negative patients (entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine, telbivudine, adefovir, clevudine)	AASLD 2018 guidelines	1% for chronic HBV infection, 0% for past HBV infection	0
Lasagna et al[126], 2023	Solid tumors	Pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab	150	0	150	Nil	AASLD 2018 guidelines	0%	0

AASLD: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; ADV: Adefovir dipivoxil; CHB: Chronic hepatitis B; CTLA4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; TAF: Tenofovir alafenamide; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.