Role of non-Helicobacter pylori gastric Helicobacters in helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

Figure 1 Antigen-induced acquisition of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. A: Antigen-induced inflammation; B: Clonal expansion of B cells supported by specific T helper cells; C: Acquisition of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In the presence of chronic antigenic stimulation, gastric mucosal cells undergo activation and produce proinflammatory cytokines. These molecular mediators play a crucial role in initiating and perpetuating an immune response within the gastric tissue. As a consequence, lymphoid cells are recruited and infiltrate the gastric tissue. This cascade of events ultimately culminates in the development of MALT. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; NHPHs: Non-Helicobacter pylori gastric helicobacters; DC: Dendritic cell; MΦ: Macrophage; TCR: T cell receptor; CD40: Cluster of differentiation 40; CD40L: Cluster of differentiation 40 Ligand; BCR: B cell receptor.