Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease: The new nomenclature and its impact

Table 2 Studies included for study of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease pathophysiology

Ref.	Type of study	Sample	Main outcomes	Results	Conclusion
Taheri et al[29]	Case-control study	968 subjects from Iran	DIS, LIS	Risks of MAFLD (OR): High LIS and DIS > high LIS > high DIS (2.56 vs 1.96 vs 1.84; P < 0.001)	Pro-inflammatory dietary and lifestyle exposures are associated with higher risk of MAFLD regardless of gender. Inflammation may be a primary pathogenic mechanism behind dietary risks of MAFLD development
Mu et al[30]	Case-control study	564 subjects from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China	SNP	Risks of MAFLD (OR): PNPLA3 rs738409 CC genotype > MBOAT7 rs64173 TT genotype > STAT3 rs74416 AA genotype (1.402 vs 1.299 vs 0.738; P < 0.005)	The CC genotype of PNPLA3 rs738409 and TT genotype of MBOAT7 rs64173 genes are associated with higher risks of MAFLD. The AA genotype of STAT3 rs744166 gene is associated with lower risks of MAFLD. The genes TM6SF2 rs58542926 and GATAD2A rs4808199 show no significant correlation with MAFLD
Panera et al[31]	Cohort study-retrospective	1111 subjects from Milan, Italy	Hepatic fibrosis	Associations of KLB rs17618244 variant (OR): Hepatic fibrosis (1.23; P = 0.04)	The KLB rs17618244 variant was associated with hepatic fibrosis (P = 0.04) but showed no statistical significance in the correlation with steatosis, inflammation and ballooning (P = 0.37, 0.12, 0.16 respectively)
Oses et al[32]	Cross-sectional study	115 children (8-12 years old)	Fasting blood biochemical parameters, SNP	TG, insulin, HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, GGT, ferritin: MAFLD > non-MAFLD (P < 0.05). Percentage of risk of allele carriers: PNPLA3 rs4823173 > PPARG rs1801282 > PPARG rs13081389, HFE rs1800562 (46% vs 33% vs 21%; P < 0.05)	The genetic risk score based on 4 SNPs associated with MAFLD showed limited discriminatory capacity (67% sensitivity and 65% specificity) and did not improve the accuracy of the prediction protocol for MAFLD developed in the study

DIS: Dietary inflammation score; LIS: Lifestyle inflammation score; OR: Odds ratio; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MAFLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; TG: Triglycerides; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase.