Seronegative spondyloarthropathy-associated inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Demographic, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic, and prognostic profiles in five seronegative spondyloarthropathy subgroups

Category	AS	PsA	ReA	EnA	JSpA
Demographic
Sex, M:F	3:1	1:1	5-10:1	1:1	ERA 3:1, JPsA 1:2
Age, yr	20-40	35-45	Any	20-40	< 16
Laboratory
HLA-B27	> 90%	Axial 50%-70%	60%-80%	Axial 50%-70%	ERA 40%-70%
		Peripheral 20%		Peripheral 20%	JPsA 10%
Clinical
Affected joints	Spine, sacroiliitis	Any area	Peripheral, sacroiliitis	Peripheral	Peripheral, sacroiliitis
Peripheral	30%, lower	Common, upper	Common, lower	Common, lower	Common, lower
Sacroiliitis	100%	50%	30% in urogenital	20%	40%-60% in ERA
Dactylitis	Uncommon	Common	Common	Uncommon	20% in JPsA
Enthesitis	Common	Common	Common	Uncommon	Uncommon
EAM common	Intestine, skin, uveitis	Intestine, skin, uveitis	Skin, uveitis	Intestine, skin, uveitis	Intestine, skin, uveitis
Treatment	Spinal physical therapy, NSAIDs/cDMARDs for peripheral SpA, biologics, JAKi	NSAIDs, avoid CS, cDMARDs for peripheral SpA, biologics, JAKi, PDE4i	NSAIDs, antibiotics for chlamydia-induced ReA, cDMARDs for peripheral SpA	Coxibs/cDMARDs for peripheral SpA, biologics, JAKi	Spinal physical therapy, NSAIDs/cDMARDs for peripheral SpA, biologics
Prognosis	Life-threatening EAMs with heart, intestine or neurological involvement	Comorbidities associated with more severe disease activity	Usually a self-limited disease	Rarely grave EnA in controlled intestinal activity	More spinal deformity and THR as compared with adult SpA or other JIA subtypes

AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; cDMARD: Conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; Coxib: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor; CS: Corticosteroid; EAM: Extra-articular manifestation; EnA: Enteropathic arthritis; ERA: Enthesitis-related; F: Female; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; JAKi: Janus kinase inhibitor; JPsA: Juvenile psoriatic arthritis; M: Male; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PDE4i: Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; PsA: Psoriatic arthritis; ReA: Reactive arthritis; SpA: Spondyloarthropathy; JSpA: Juvenile-onset spondyloarthropathy; THR: Total hip replacement.