Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis

doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4580

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 7, 2023; 29(29): 4580-4592
Published online Aug 7, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4580

Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors for osteoporosis in overall and women patients with primary biliary cholangitis

Variables	Overall patients (n = 268)		P value	Women patients (n = 236)		P value
Variables	Osteoporosis (n = 122)	No osteoporosis (n = 146)	P value	Osteoporosis (n = 111)	No osteoporosis (n = 125)	P value
Women, n (%)	111 (91.0)	125 (85.6)	0.177	111 (100)	125 (100)
Age (year)	60.5 ± 10.5	53.6 ± 9.7	< 0.001	60.4 ± 10.7	52.6 ± 9.4	< 0.001
Duration of PBC (year)	3.0 (1.0-7.0)	2.3 (1.0-5.0)	0.125	3.0 (1.0-7.0)	2.0 (1.0-5.0)	0.217
Smoking, n (%)	9 (7.4)	11 (7.5)	0.961	2 (1.8)	1 (1.6)	0.602
Postmenopausal, n (%)	98 (88.3)	76 (60.8)	< 0.001	98 (88.3)	76 (60.8)	< 0.001
Pruritus, n (%)	22 (18.0)	23 (15.8)	0.619	21 (18.9)	20 (16.0)	0.555
Fatigue, n (%)	50 (41.0)	41 (28.1)	0.026	48 (43.2)	33 (26.4)	0.007
Hepatomegaly, n (%)	2 (1.6)	7 (4.8)	0.188	2 (1.8)	6 (4.8)	0.204
Splenomegaly, n (%)	103 (84.4)	84 (57.5)	< 0.001	96 (86.5)	71 (56.8)	< 0.001
Gastroesophageal varices, n (%)	72 (59.0)	38 (26.0)	< 0.001	66 (59.5)	30 (24.0)	< 0.001
Ascites, n (%)	67 (54.9)	36 (24.7)	< 0.001	61 (55.0)	31 (24.8)	< 0.001
Prior fractures, n (%)	8 (5.0)	3 (2.1)	0.064	8 (7.2)	3 (2.4)	0.080
BMI (kg/m²)	21.6 ± 3.2	23.4 ± 3.3	< 0.001	21.8 ± 3.1	23.4 ± 3.4	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	23 (18.9)	23 (15.8)	0.503	20 (18.0)	18 (14.4)	0.450
Hypertension, n (%)	28 (23.0)	30 (20.5)	0.634	26 (23.4)	25 (20.0)	0.524
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, n (%)	27 (22.1)	39 (26.7)	0.386	26 (23.4)	33 (26.4)	0.598
Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%)	4 (3.3)	4 (2.7)	0.796	4 (3.6)	4 (3.2)	0.864
Sicca syndrome, n (%)	8 (6.6)	10 (6.8)	0.924	8 (7.2)	9 (7.2)	0.998
Previous medication
UDCA use, n (%)	78 (63.9)	77 (52.7)	0.065	69 (62.2)	62 (49.6)	0.053
Steroid use, n (%)	23 (18.9)	9 (6.2)	0.001	21 (18.9)	8 (6.4)	0.003
PBC-AIH overlap syndrome, n (%)	17 (13.9)	25 (17.1)	0.475	17 (15.3)	20 (16.0)	0.885
Mayo risk score	5.7 ± 1.5	4.7 ± 1.3	< 0.001	5.7 ± 1.4	4.6 ± 1.2	< 0.001
Histological stage, n (%)¹			< 0.001			< 0.001
Ⅰ-Ⅱ	10 (17.2)	55 (52.4)		9 (16.1)	50 (53.2)
Ⅲ-Ⅳ	48 (82.8)	50 (47.6)		47 (83.9)	44 (46.8)
ALT (U/L)	32.0 (20.8-54.8)	43.7 (23.7-84.4)	0.007	31.2 (20.5-31.2)	46.3 (29.1-84.4)	0.013
AST (U/L)	44.0 (29.1-83.7)	49.5 (29.2-91.5)	0.782	46.3 (29.1-84.4)	50.9 (28.7-91.5)	0.899
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.2 (0.8-2.40	0.9 (0.7-1.7)	0.002	1.2 (0.8-2.5)	0.9 (0.7-1.6)	0.001
Albumin (g/L)	35.5 ± 6.9	38.7 ± 5.9	< 0.001	35.7 ± 6.9	39.0 ± 5.9	< 0.001
ALP (U/L)	164.2 (110.8-266.3)	149.3 (94.4-261.5)	0.180	164.3 (112.3-265.0)	144.5 (93.6-257.4)	0.175
GGT (U/L)	107.7 (47.9-237.1)	143.1 (47.7-307.3)	0.320	108.5 (45.4-242.5)	129.1 (48.6-303.3)	0.432
PTA (%)	87.9 ± 20.2	97.2 ± 20.1	< 0.001	87.6 ± 20.2	97.8 ± 20.1	< 0.001
PLT (× 10⁹/L)	119.3 ± 71.4	157.7 ± 81.7	< 0.001	116.4 ± 67.4	162.4 ± 84.5	< 0.001
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.20 ± 0.15	2.24 ± 0.13	0.065	2.21 ± 0.14	2.24 ± 0.13	0.100
Phosphorous (mmol/L)	1.15 ± 0.30	1.14 ± 0.17	0.703	1.15 ± 0.31	1.15 ± 0.17	0.869
25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL)²	14.0 ± 7.8	14.5 ± 6.2	0.823	14.1 ± 8.0	13.4 ± 5.8	0.748
Creatinine (μmol/L)	58.4 (47.2-67.5)	56.2 (50.6-65.4)	0.724	55.9 (46.9-67.5)	54.9 (49.9-60.7)	0.710
IgM (g/L)	2.80 (1.53-4.39)	2.87 (1.64-4.63)	0.497	2.87 (1.61-4.49)	2.93 (1.65-4.49)	0.776
IgG (g/L)	15.7 (12.0-19.5)	15.2 (11.9-18.9)	0.453	15.7 (12.3-19.6)	15.3 (11.8-18.6)	0.420
gp210 (+), n (%)	48 (39.3)	51 (34.9)	0.456	45 (40.5)	44 (35.2)	0.398
Sp100 (+), n (%)	19 (15.6)	19 (13.0)	0.550	18 (16.2)	16 (12.8)	0.456
ACA, n (%)	30 (24.6)	24 (16.4)	0.098	29 (26.1)	23 (18.4)	0.153
ANA, n (%)	74 (60.7)	91 (62.3)	0.779	69 (62.2)	75 (60.0)	0.734

¹Available in 163 patients.

²Available in 46 patients.

Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) or n (%). ACA: Anti-centromere antibody; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PLT: Platelet count; PTA: Prothrombin activity; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.

Citation: Chen JL, Liu Y, Bi YF, Wang XB. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(29): 4580-4592
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v29/i29/4580.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v29.i29.4580