Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis detected by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry among Chinese patients with primary biliary cholangitis

Table 1 Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and bone mineral density data in patients with primary biliary cholangitis

Characteristics	Overall (n = 268)	Men (n = 32)	Women (n = 236)	P value
Age (years) (range)	56.7 ± 10.6 (29-94)	60.0 ± 9.3 (38-79)	56.3 ± 10.7 (29-94)	0.059
Age group (years), n (%)				0.201
29-39	13 (4.9)	1 (3.1)	12 (5.1)
40-49	53 (19.8)	2 (6.3)	51 (21.6)
50-59	93 (34.7)	11 (34.4)	82 (34.7)
60-69	77 (28.7)	12 (37.5)	65 (27.5)
≥ 70	32 (11.9)	6 (18.8)	26 (11.0)
Duration of PBC (years)	3.0 (1.0-6.0)	4.0 (1.6-6.8)	3.0 (1.0-6.0)	0.246
Smoking, n (%)	20 (7.5)	17 (53.1)	3 (1.3)	< 0.001
Postmenopausal, n (%)	174 (73.7)		174 (73.7)
Pruritus, n (%)	45 (16.8)	4 (12.5)	41 (17.4)	0.489
Fatigue, n (%)	91 (34.0)	10 (31.3)	81 (34.3)	0.731
Hepatomegaly, n (%)	9 (3.4)	1 (3.1)	8 (3.4)	1.000
Splenomegaly, n (%)	187 (69.8)	20 (62.5)	167 (70.8)	0.340
Gastroesophageal varices, n (%)	110 (41.0)	14 (43.8)	96 (40.7)	0.740
Ascites, n (%)	103 (38.4)	11 (34.4)	92 (39.0)	0.615
Prior fractures, n (%)	11 (4.1)	0 (0.0)	11 (4.7)	0.371
BMI (kg/m2)	22.6 ± 3.3	22.1 ± 3.0	22.7 ± 3.4	0.367
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	46 (17.2)	8 (25.0)	38 (16.1)	0.210
Hypertension, n (%)	58 (21.6)	7 (21.9)	51 (21.6)	0.973
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, n (%)	66 (24.6)	7 (21.9)	59 (25.0)	0.700
Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%)	8 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	8 (3.4)	0.602
Sicca syndrome, n (%)	18 (6.7)	1 (3.1)	17 (7.2)	0.706
Previous medication, n (%)
UDCA use	155 (57.8)	24 (75.0)	131 (55.5)	0.036
Steroid use	32 (11.9)	3 (9.4)	29 (12.3)	0.633
Cirrhosis status, n (%)				0.661
Non-cirrhosis	107 (39.9)	15 (46.9)	92 (39.0)
Compensated	53 (19.8)	5 (15.6)	48 (20.3)
Decompensated	108 (40.3)	12 (37.5)	96 (40.7)
PBC-AIH overlap syndrome, n (%)	42 (15.7)	5 (15.6)	37 (15.7)	0.994
Mayo risk score	5.2 ± 1.4	5.4 ± 1.4	5.1 ± 1.5	0.301
Histological stage, n (%)1				0.630
Ⅰ-Ⅱ	65 (39.9)	6 (46.2)	59 (39.3)
Ⅲ-Ⅳ	98 (60.1)	7 (53.8)	91 (60.7)
Laboratory data
ALT (U/L)	36.2 (22.2-70.0)	42.8 (29.0-74.4)	35.8 (21.3-69.7)	0.236
AST (U/L)	46.4 (29.2-88.7)	39.2 (30.1-62.2)	48.1 (29.0-87.7)	0.642
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.1 (0.7-1.9)	0.9 (0.7-1.5)	1.1 (0.7-2.0)	0.708
Albumin (g/L)	37.2 ± 6.6	35.5 ± 6.0	37.4 ± 6.6	0.124
ALP (U/L)	157.2 (101.7-263.1)	166.3 (102.8-315.8)	156.5 (101.2-262.4)	0.747
GGT (U/L)	118.2 (48.0-276.3)	146.3 (52.3-321.2)	117.0 (47.6-276.3)	0.568
PTA (%)	93.0 ± 20.6	92.6 ± 19.9	93.0 ± 20.8	0.922
PLT (× 109/L)	140.2 ± 79.4	140.7 ± 80.1	136.2 ± 74.4	0.761
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.22 ± 0.14	2.17 ± 0.16	2.23 ± 0.14	0.018
Phosphorous (mmol/L)	1.14 ± 0.24	1.09 ± 0.17	1.15 ± 0.25	0.201
25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL)2	14.3 ± 6.9	17.2 ± 6.6	13.6 ± 6.9	0.224
Creatinine (μmol/L)	56.4 (49.5-65.9)	67.1 (60.2-86.6)	55.0 (48.6-63.6)	< 0.001
IgM (g/L)	2.86 (1.60-4.40)	2.55 (1.16-4.14)	2.87 (1.64-4.49)	0.240
IgG (g/L)	15.3 (12.0-19.1)	15.0 (11.9-19.3)	15.6 (12.0-19.1)	0.674
gp210 (+), n (%)	99 (36.9)	10 (31.3)	89 (37.7)	0.477
Sp100 (+), n (%)	38 (14.2)	1 (12.5)	34 (14.4)	0.772
ACA, n (%)	54 (20.1)	2 (6.3)	52 (22.0)	0.037
ANA, n (%)	165 (61.6)	21 (65.6)	144 (61.0)	0.615
Lumbar spine BMD (L1-L4), g/cm2	0.828 ± 0.142	0.893 ± 0.146	0.818 ± 0.139	0.005
T-score	-2.04 ± 1.27	-1.81 ± 1.31	-2.1 ± 1.27	0.267
Z-score	-0.929 ± 1.182	-1.18 ± 1.33	-0.89 ± 1.16	0.198
BMD classification, n (%)				0.536
Osteoporosis	108 (40.3)	10 (31.3)	98 (41.5)
Osteopenia	96 (35.8)	13 (40.6)	83 (35.2)
Normal	64 (23.9)	9 (28.1)	55 (23.3)
Femoral neck BMD, g/cm2	0.654 ± 0.128	0.714 ± 0.139	0.646 ± 0.125	0.005
T-score	-1.80 ± 1.12	-1.59 ± 1.03	-1.83 ± 1.13	0.262
Z-score	-0.73 ± 1.02	-0.63 ± 0.99	-0.74 ± 1.03	0.590
BMD classification, n (%)				0.374
Osteoporosis	78 (29.1)	7 (21.9)	71 (30.1)
Osteopenia	123 (45.9)	14 (43.8)	109 (46.2)
Normal	67 (25.0)	11 (34.4)	56 (23.7)
Total Hip BMD, g/cm2	0.784 ± 0.153	0.855 ± 0.148	0.774 ± 0.152	0.005
T-score	-1.42 ± 1.06	-1.19 ± 0.98	-1.45 ± 1.07	0.198
Z-score	-0.64 ± 0.98	-0.70 ± 0.96	-0.63 ± 1.00	0.714
BMD classification, n (%)				0.601
Osteoporosis	45 (16.8)	5 (15.6)	40 (16.9)
Osteopenia	127 (47.4)	13 (40.6)	114 (48.3)
Normal	96 (35.8)	14 (43.8)	82 (34.7)
Osteoporosis lumbar or neck or hip	122 (45.5)	11 (34.4)	111 (47.0)	0.177

¹Available in 163 patients.

²Available in 46 patients.

Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) or n (%). ACA: Anti-centromere antibody; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMD: Bone mineral density; BMI: Body mass index; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgM: Immunoglobulin M; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; PLT: Platelet count; PTA: Prothrombin activity; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.