Predictors and optimal management of tumor necrosis factor antagonist nonresponse in inflammatory bowel disease: A literature review

Table 2 Predictors of secondary nonresponse in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

Predictor	Crohn’s disease	Ulcerative colitis
Clinical features
Gender	Yes: Female[107,108], male[109]; No[21]	Yes: Female[107], male[110]; No[31,37]
Smoking	Yes: Smoker[28,39,111]; No[41]
Previous surgery	Yes[27]; No[16,112]
Disease duration	Yes: Longer[49,113,114]
Phenotype	Yes: Upper digestive tract[27], fistula[27,115], stenosis[115]
Pharmacokinetic
Drug concentration	Yes: Low[16,116]	Yes: Low[116]
Antidrug antibodies	Yes[117]	Yes[117]
Weight	Yes: High[16,118,119]	Yes: High[118,119]
Serum albumin	Yes: Low[28,119,120]	Yes: Low[119,120]
Serum γ-globulin	Yes: High[120]	Yes: High[120]
MMP3	Yes: High[123]	Yes: High[123]
FCGR3A	Yes: FCGR3A VV[125]	Yes: FCGR3A VV[125]
HLA	Yes: HLADQA1*05[127]	Yes: HLADQA1*05[127]
Biologic markers
CRP	Yes: Low[128], high[129]	No[82]
ANA	Yes: ANA+ [130]	Yes: ANA[130]
Fecal calprotectin	Yes: High[28]; No[131]
Fecal lactoferrin	Yes: High[132]	Yes: High[132]
Genetic markers
TNFRSF	Yes: TNFRSF1B (rs976881)[86]
Cytokines
Interleukin	Yes: OSM (high)[100,133]	Yes: OSM (high)[100]

MMP3: Matrix metalloproteinase 3; FCGR3A: Fcγ receptor type IIIA; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; CRP: C-reactive protein; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; TNFRSF: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily; OSM: Oncostatin M.