Bile acids and their receptors: Potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease

Figure 2 Emerging role of bile acids and their receptors. DCA: Deoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; CA: Cholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; isoLCA: Isolithocholic acid; isoalloLCA: Isoallolithocholic acid; 3-oxoLCA: 3-oxolithocholic acid; isoDCA: 3β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid; THDCA: Taurohyodeoxycholic acid; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; GPABR1: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1; PXR: Pregnane X receptor; VDR: Vitamin D receptor; RORγt: Retinoid-related orphan receptor γt; CAR: Costitutive androstane receptor; S1PR2: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2; Th17 cells: T helper 17 cells; Treg cells: Regulatory T cells; ILC3: Innate lymphocyte type 3; DCs: Dendritic cells; ISC: Intestinal stem cell; YBX-1: Y box binding protein 1; ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; NLRP3: The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3; mitoROS: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FAO: Fatty acid oxidation; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TJ: Tight junction; TEER: Trans-epithelial electrical resistance; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.