Rare causes of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A comprehensive review

Figure 3 Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastric submucosal arterial collaterals secondary to splenic artery thrombosis. A: Retroflexed endoscopic view of the gastric fundus showing varicose-shaped submucosal vessels with a small erosion (circle), in the absence of active bleeding; B and C: Pre-operative axial computed tomography arterial phase showing an arterial cluster at the gastric fundus (B: arrow) arising from splenic artery collateral vessels due to splenic artery complete thrombosis (C: arrow); D-F: Successful endoscopic mechanical hemostasis attempt, with intraprocedural spurting active bleeding following first endoclip application (D and E); G: Operative angiography with selective arterial embolization using microspheres; H: Post-operative axial computed tomography arterial phase showing gastric vascular lesion exclusion (red arrow) and splenic infarction (yellow arrow).