Rare causes of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A comprehensive review

Figure 2 Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding due rupture of a superior mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysm into the duodenum. A and B: Upper endoscopy showing a bulging, focally ulcerated, lesion in the second-third part of the duodenum, with a suspected small fistulous orifice on its surface (arrow); C and D: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography axial scan in the arterial phase (C) and its maximum intensity projection oblique-coronal reconstruction (D) showing a large lesion (dotted area, C and D) arising from the second-third part of the duodenum, with peripheral vascularity and a pseudoaneurysm (long arrow, C and D) arising from branches of the superior mesenteric artery (short arrow, B); E: Superselective superior mesenteric artery angiography showing a pseudoaneurysm (red dotted circle) fed by the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery; F: Successful endovascular embolization by the use of cohesive glue (Onyx-18^®, Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) with disappearance of the pseudoaneurysm and visibility of the Onyx-18^® cast (red dotted circle).