Mortality from chronic liver disease: Recent trends and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 1 Age-standardized mortality rates (×100000) from cirrhosis, World Health Origination mortality database

	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012
Antigua-Barbuda		3.4	2.7	4.5	3.6	0.9	2.9	6.8	1.9	10.1
Argentina		6.7	6.6	7.0	7.2	8.3	7.9	6.8	6.5	6.5
Armenia	10.9	12.2	10.6	12.0	16.0	19.5	16.6	17.1	14.9	16.5
Australia	4.6	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.7	4.1	3.9	3.9	3.3
Austria	8.6	8.5	8.1	7.9	8.4	9.0	9.5	9.4	9.9	10.7
Bosnia-Herzegovina		5.4	5.0	4.8	5.1	5.6		5.9
Brazil		8.0	8.1	8.4	8.8	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.8	10.0
Bulgaria		15.6	15.8	14.3	14.5	14.8	14.4	13.4	13.1	13.8
Chile		9.7	9.4	9.9	11.3	12.4	11.7	11.8	12.3	13.5
Colombia		4.6	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.4	5.2	5.1	4.8	4.8
Costa Rica		5.2	6.9	6.2	6.3	6.3	6.5	6.1	6.2	5.2
Croatia		11.4	13.0		12.5	12.1	12.4	13.7	13.3	14.8
Cuba		10.8	10.5	10.0	9.8	9.0	8.9	8.5	8.2	7.9
Cyprus		3.6	3.9	3.2	3.2	2.7	3.2	3.6	4.0	2.8
Czechia	13.8	12.4	12.4	12.0	11.8	10.7	11.2	11.2	11.5	11.5
Denmark		6.7	7.2	6.5	7.2	7.1	6.7	7.6	7.6	8.4
Ecuador	12.5	11.8	13.2	13.7	14.0	14.6	14.5	13.3	13.1	13.7
Estonia	24.9	22.0	17.1	16.1	14.7	15.3	15.8	14.0	13.4	12.4
Finland		13.7	12.5	11.9	11.4	12.5	12.1	13.7	14.4	14.3
Georgia	7.2	7.0	7.0	7.5	5.6	5.5	7.4	8.0	6.0	6.4
Germany		9.2	8.7	8.9	9.1	9.3	9.1	9.0	9.5	9.3
Greece		3.3	3.3	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.7	4.1	3.8
Grenada	1.4	6.3	3.7	7.1	6.4	8.4	9.9	10.1	7.2	7.0
Guatemala		29.5	29.6	29.4	28.3	32.7	31.8	31.2	29.0	29.2
Iceland	2.7	1.8	1.4	1.9	2.5	1.6	2.7	1.5	1.7	1.4
Israel		2.0	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.7	2.3	2.7	2.8
Japan		4.9	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.7	4.7
Kazakhstan	38.6	40.2	38.5	38.5	41.4	46.4	50.5	55.2	57.9
Latvia	18.9	12.4	12.1	13.6	11.5	13.6	12.8	12.5	12.6	12.4
Lebanon	2.6	2.1	1.9
Lithuania	20.6	19.6	15.3	15.9	16.4	19.1	18.7	19.7	22.8	21.2
Luxemburg	7.0	7.8	7.2	8.0	7.2	8.9	6.7	8.0	7.5	9.1
Malaysia		1.7	2.0	2.0	1.8	1.8	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.7
Mauritius	10.9	10.7	8.6	7.9	8.0	8.8	8.9	8.9	10.3	9.7
Mexico		25.5	24.5	24.4	25.3	26.1	24.2	24.1	25.4	26.0
Mongolia	25.9	24.5	27.2	28.9	31.0	35.6
Netherlands		3.0	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.9
Nicaragua		15.4	15.6	19.9	19.8	23.0	20.7	23.0	22.0	19.1
North Macedonia	6.9	5.0	4.9	4.7	6.0	5.2	5.9		6.3	5.4
Oman	1.5	1.5	2.0	1.5	2.6	2.2		1.6
Paraguay		6.4	8.1	8.4	7.4	8.2	7.5	7.1	6.3	6.6
Peru		12.1	13.2	14.2	12.6	11.1	12.4	11.9	11.4	12.8
Poland		14.5	13.5	13.3	12.3	11.6	10.7	10.4	11.2	12.0
Qatar	1.6	2.1	1.2		2.9	1.8	0.6	1.7	1.2	2.1
Republic of Korea		7.1	6.8	7.3	7.5	7.8	8.1	8.0	8.3	8.8
Saint Lucia		3.7	3.6	6.2	4.2	5.9	8.9	12.1	7.9	9.1
Saint Vincent	3.1	4.5	5.6	6.9	5.7	4.9	2.5	5.4	7.0	7.2
Serbia	6.3	5.8	5.8	5.2	5.7	5.5	5.7	5.7	5.6	5.9
Singapore		1.7	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.5	2.4
Slovenia		9.9	10.2	10.9	9.6	9.9	11.4	13.5	16.2	17.9
Spain	4.6	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.9	4.9	5.4	5.3	5.6	5.8
Switzerland		3.6	3.8	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.4	4.4	4.5	5.0
United Arab Emirates		1.8	1.9	0.0
UK		9.4	8.1	8.2	8.5	8.4	8.2	8.1	8.1	8.0
USA		10.9	9.2	9.0	8.9	8.7	8.8	8.5	8.2	8.0
Uruguay		3.3	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.7	4.3	4.4	3.8	3.9