Dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound in gastrointestinal diseases: A current trend or an indispensable tool?

Table 3 Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pancreatic diseases

Ref.	Study design/number of patients	Object of D-CEUS	Population/groups	Machine/UCA/Software	Significant results (P < 0.05)
Yang et al[47], 2023	Retrospective/42	pNET	Patients with histopathologically proved pNET/G1, G2, G3, pNEC	Acuson Sequoia, Acuson Oxana2/SonoVue/VueBox	rPE, rMTT and rAUC were higher in pNETs G1/G2 than G3/pNECs
Zhang et al[45], 2020	Prospective/11	LAPC	Patient with LAPC underwent chemoradiotherapy	Acuson Oxana2/SonoVue/SonoLiver	MI decreased after chemoradiotherapy
Vitali et al[43], 2015	Prospective/20	PC, focal AIP	Patients with diagnosis of AIP vs histologically proved PC	Acuson Sequoia 512, S200/SonoVue/VueBox	The difference in PE (dPE) between lesion and surrounding parenchyma in AIP was lower compared to dPE in PC
D’Onofrio et al[40], 2014	Prospective/10	Suspected PDAC	Patients with suspected and then histologically proved PDAC	Acuson S2000/SonoVue/VueBox	PE and ascending curve values were different between lesion and adjacent parenchyma
Kersting et al[42], 2009	Prospective/60	Undefined pancreatic lesion	Patients with undefined pancreatic lesion underwent biopsy/PDAC vs CP	Sonoline Elegra/SonoVue/Axius ACQ	TTP and AT were longer in PDAC compared to focal masses in CP

AIP: Autoimmune pancreatitis; AT: Arrival time; CP: Chronic pancreatitis; D-CEUS: Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound; LAPC: Local advanced pancreatic cancer; MI: Maximum intensity; PC: Pancreatic cancer; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: Peak enhancement; pNET: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; pNEC: Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma; rAUC: Relative area under the curve; rMTT: Relative mean transit time; rPE: Relative peak enhancement; TTP: Time to peak; UCA: Ultrasound contrast agent.