Past, present, and future of long-term treatment for hepatitis B virus

Table 1 Efficacy of available antiviral treatments and nucleos(t)ide analogues withdrawal to achieve hepatitis B virus surface antigen loss

Ref.	Treatment (duration)	HBeAg	Ethnicity	Follow-up	HBsAg loss (%)
Current antiviral treatments
Lau et al[84], 2005	Peg-IFNα (1 yr)	+	Mainly Asian	6 mo	2.9
Marcellin et al[85], 2013	Peg-IFNα (1 yr)	-	Asian	60 mo	12.0
Chang et al[48], 2010	ETV (5 yr)	+	Asian	-	1.4
Ahn et al[32], 2016	ETV (5 yr)	-	Mixed	-	4.6
Marcellin et al[33], 2019	TDF (10 yr)	+	Mixed	-	4.9
Marcellin et al[33], 2019	TDF (10 yr)	-	Mixed	-	3.4
Chan et al[30], 2016	TAF (3 yr)	+	Mixed	-	4.0
Buti et al[31], 2016	TAF (3 yr)	-	Mixed	-	3.0
Combined treatments
Marcellin et al[86], 2016	Peg-IFN + TDF (1 yr)	+/-	Mixed	18 mo	9.1
Bourlière et al[87], 2017	ETV, TDF, ADV, and LAM (1 yr)	-	Caucasian	12 mo	7.8
Lim et al[88], 2022	NA add-on Peg-IFN (1 yr)	+/-	Asian	6 mo	12.1
Mo et al[89], 2022	NAs (HBsAg < 1500 IU/mL, 1 yr)	-	Asian	48 mo	33.2
Lim et al[88], 2022	NA switch to Peg-IFN (1 yr)	+/-	Asian	6 mo	9.7
NA discontinuation
Chen et al[90], 2018	2.7 yr	+	Asian	96 mo	19.6
Song et al[91], 2021	2.9 yr	+	Asian	73 mo	9.5
Kuo et al[92], 2019	3.1 yr	+	Asian	24 mo	4.7 (ETV); 0 (TDF)
Jeng et al[72], 2018	2.9 yr	-	Asian	36 mo	13
Chen et al[90], 2018	2.9 yr	-	Asian	96 mo	33.1
Kuo et al[92], 2019	3.1 yr	-	Asian	36 mo	10 (ETV); 15 (TDF)
Chen et al[93], 2020	3.2 yr	-	Asian	58 mo	20.8
Song et al[91], 2021	2.7 yr	-	Asian	73 mo	14.6
Hirode et al[47], 2022	3.0 yr	-	Mixed	17 mo	15.0

Only studies with more than 100 patients have been included. HBsAg: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; Peg-IFN: Pegylated interferon; LAM: Lamivudine; ADV: Adefovir; TDF: Tenofovir; ETV: Entecavir; TAF: Tenofovir alafenamide.