Effect of lifestyle modification on hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 3 Hazard ratios for mortality according to lifestyle modification

	No. of case (100 persons year)	HR (95%CI)
Liver-related mortality
Control (n = 104560)	2458 (0.4)	Reference
LSM1 (n = 48766)	1150 (0.4)	0.92 (0.86-0.99)
QD (n = 8224)	203 (0.4)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)
QS (n = 16423)	319 (0.3)	0.81 (0.72-0.91)
RE (n = 14457)	422 (0.5)	1.15 (1.04-1.27)
QD + QS + RE (n = 686)	17 (0.4)	0.85 (0.53-1.37)
All-cause mortality
Control (n = 104560)	4539 (0.7)	Reference
LSM (n = 48766)	2294 (0.7)	0.94 (0.90-0.99)
QD (n = 8224)	451 (0.9)	1.04 (0.94-1.15)
QS (n = 16423)	588 (0.6)	0.78 (0.72-0.85)
RE (n = 14457)	772 (0.9)	1.11 (1.03-1.20)
QD + QS + RE (n = 686)	38 (0.9)	0.91 (0.66-1.25)

¹Lifestyle modification is quitting drinking or quitting smoking or regular exercise.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LSM: Lifestyle modification; QD: Quitting drinking; QS: Quitting smoking; RE: Regular exercise.