Effect of lifestyle modification on hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 2 Hazard ratios for incident cancer according to lifestyle modification

	No. of case (100 persons year)	HR (95%CI)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Control (n = 104560)	5031 (0.8)	Reference
LSM1 (n = 48766)	2296 (0.8)	0.92 (0.87-0.96)
QD (n = 8224)	371 (0.7)	0.84 (0.76-0.94)
QS (n = 16423)	695 (0.7)	0.87 (0.81-0.94)
RE (n = 14457)	799 (0.9)	1.08 (1.00-1.16)
QD + QS + RE (n = 686)	31 (0.7)	0.79 (0.55-1.12)
All cancer
Control (n = 104560)	9691 (1.6)	Reference
LSM (n = 48766)	4710 (1.6)	0.93 (0.90-0.97)
QD (n = 8224)	826 (1.7)	0.92 (0.86-0.99)
QS (n = 16423)	1411 (1.5)	0.89 (0.84-0.94)
RE (n = 14457)	1506 (1.8)	1.04 (0.99-1.10)
QD + QS + RE (n = 686)	70 (1.7)	0.85 (0.67-1.07)
Extrahepatic cancer
Control (n = 104560)	4660 (0.8)	Reference
LSM (n = 48766)	2414 (0.8)	0.96 (0.91-1.01)
QD (n = 8224)	455 (0.9)	1.01 (0.92-1.11)
QS (n = 16423)	716 (0.8)	0.91 (0.84-0.99)
RE (n = 14457)	707 (0.8)	1.00 (0.93-1.09)
QD + QS + RE (n = 686)	39 (0.9)	0.91 (0.67-1.25)

¹Lifestyle modification is quitting drinking or quitting smoking or regular exercise.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LSM: Lifestyle modification; QD: Quitting drinking; QS: Quitting smoking; RE: Regular exercise.