Effect of lifestyle modification on hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality among patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

	Control (n = 104560)	LSM (n = 48766)	SMD
Age, yr	50.1 (7.4)	51.4 (8.0)	0.122
Sex			-0.133
Male	100642 (96.3)	45496 (93.3)
Female	3918 (3.7)	3270 (6.7)
BMI
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)	2017 (1.9)	860 (1.8)	0.028
Normal (18.5-23 kg/m2)	34098 (32.6)	15065 (30.9)	-0.012
Obesity (23-25 kg/m2)	27019 (25.8)	12856 (26.4)	-0.037
Overweight (> 25 kg/m2)	41413 (39.6)	19976 (41.0)	0.012
Unknown	13 (0.0) 0.012	9 (0.0)	0.005
Daily alcohol consumption1, g/d	28.8 (27.1)	26.3 (27.5)	-0.064
Drinking status1
Moderate	92707 (88.7)	43734 (89.7)	0.097
Heavy	11853 (11.3)	5032 (10.3)	-0.033
Smoking1, pack-year	19.1 (11.8)	18.2 (12.9)	-0.052
Physical activity status1			0.051
Not at all	56184 (53.7)	24967 (51.2)
A little	48376 (46.3)	23799 (48.8)
AST, U/L	38.0 (49.6)	37.3 (45.8)	-0.009
ALT, U/L	40.8 (60.8)	40.3 (59.6)	-0.006
GGT, U/L	76.6 (91.8)	69.5 (94.2)	-0.046
Hypertension (%)	27297 (26.1)	14145 (29.0)	0.065
Diabetes (%)	22475 (21.5)	11712 (24.0)	0.06
Myocardial infarction (%)	838 (0.8)	537 (1.1)	0.031
Congestive heart failure (%)	2142 (2.0)	1288 (2.6)	0.039
Cerebrovascular accident (%)	5150 (4.9)	3145 (6.4)	0.066
Renal disease (%)	867 (0.8)	515 (1.1)	0.023
Antiviral medications (%)	896 (0.9)	533 (1.1)	-0.024

¹At the time of inclusion.

Values were presented n (%) or mean (SD). LSM: Lifestyle modification; SMD: Standard mean difference; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase.