Prognostic role of intestinal ultrasound in Crohn’s disease

Table 2 Rate of transmural remission and intestinal ultrasound parameters predictive of transmural remission in Crohn’s disease patients treated with biologics

Ref.	Patients, n	TR definition	Study drug	Treatment duration	Rate of TR	IUS parameters predictive of TR
Calabrese et al[52], 2022	188	Normalization of BWT, no ECD, no extra bowel signs of inflammation	Adalimumab, infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab	52 wk	27.5% (26.8% adalimumab; 37% infliximab; 27.2% vedolizumab; 20% ustekinumab	Colonic localization, lower BWT at baseline
Castiglione et al[57], 2013	66	NA	Anti-TNF	2 yr	25%
	67		Thiopurines		4%
Castiglione et al[58], 2017	40	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Anti-TNF	2 yr	25%
Castiglione et al[59], 2019	218	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Anti-TNF	12 wk	31.2%
Helwig et al[32], 2022	180	BWT ≤ 2 mm terminal ileum or ≤ 3 mm colon; BWT ≤ 2 mm terminal ileum or ≤ 3 mm colon + two factors among no ECD, no fibrofatty proliferation, normal stratification; normalization of all parameters	All available biologics	12 wk	33.3%; 38.5%; 24.4% (18.4% I; 29% C)
	78			46 wk	46.2%; NA; NA
Kucharzik et al[60], 2023	77	Normalization of all IUS parameters	Ustekinumab	48 wk	24.1% (13.2% I; 50.0% C)
Miranda et al[61], 2021	35	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Ustekinumab	52 wk	31.4%
Orlando et al[29], 2018	30	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Anti-TNF	14 wk	29%	UEI strain ratio
				52 wk	30%
Paredes et al[53], 2019	36	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Anti-TNF	52 wk	39%
Ripollés et al[21], 2016	51	BWT ≤ 3 mm, no ECD, absence of complications	Anti-TNF	12 wk	14%
				52 wk	29.5%
Civitelli et al[62], 2016	32	BWT < 3 mm, no ECD, normal stratification, absence of strictures and dilatation	Anti-TNF	9-12 mo	14%
Paredes et al[63], 2010	24	BWT < 3 mm, no increased ECD	Anti-TNF	2 wk	20.8%
Vaughan et al[64], 2022	79	BWT ≤ 3 mm, no increased ECD	Infliximab	12 wk	41%
Han et al[65], 2022	92	BWT ≤ 3 mm, no increased ECD	Anti-TNF	14 wk	12%
				52 wk (only 22 patients)	22.7%
Dolinger et al[66], 2021	13	BWT ≤ 3 mm	Infliximab	14 wk	23%
Zorzi et al[23], 2020	80	SICUS normal value for BWT, absence of any length of disease, and absence of perienteric inflammation, fistulas, phlegmon, or abscess)	Anti-TNF, budesonide, thiopurines	18 mo	41%

TR: Transmural remission; BWT: Bowel wall thickness; ECD: Eco-color-doppler vascular signal; I: Ileal Crohn’s disease; C: Colonic Crohn’s disease; UEI: Ultrasound elastography imaging; SICUS: Small intestine contrast ultrasonography; IUS: Intestinal ultrasound; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; NA: Not available.