Prognostic role of intestinal ultrasound in Crohn’s disease

Table 1 Predictive value of intestinal ultrasound parameters for response to treatment and course of Crohn’s disease

Ref.	Treatment	Timing of IUS after start of treatment	IUS parameter	Predictive value for
Albshesh et al[18], 2020	Anti-TNF	> 14 wk	BWT > 4 mm	Treatment failure
			BWT < 4 mm	Duration of failure-free response
Calabrese et al[52], 2022	Anti-TNF, vedolizumab, ustekinumab	Baseline	“Higher BWT”	Low risk of TR
			Colonic localization	High risk of TR
Chen et al[19], 2022	Anti-TNF	Baseline-2 wk	Reduction in BWT, vascularization, SWE	Response to treatment
De Voogd et al[17], 2022	Anti-TNF	Baseline-4/8 wk	BWT reduction > 18%	Endoscopic response and remission at 12-34 wk
Helwig et al[32], 2022	All available biological therapies	Baseline-12 wk	BWT reduction > 25%	Clinical remission and no therapy change at 52 wk
Les et al[20], 2021	5-ASA, budesonide, AZA, anti TNF		Worsened BWT, echopattern, vascularization	Need for treatment escalation, negative disease course
Orlando et al[29], 2018	Anti-TNF	Baseline	SWE strain ratio > 2	Surgery
Paredes et al[53], 2019	Anti-TNF	12 wk	BWT ≤ 3 mm	“Good outcome” (no treatment intensification, no surgery) at 1 yr
Ripollés et al[21], 2016	Anti-TNF	Baseline-12 wk	Sonographic response (BWT decrease > 2 mm, diminution of one grade of ECD, decrease > 20% of mural enhancement, disappearance of transmural complications or stenosi	1-yr sonographic response and further 1-yr clinical response and treatment efficacy
Smith et al[22], 2022	All available biological therapies and thiopurines	Baseline-14 wk	Sonographic response (BWT decreasing > 0.5 mm and vascularity improvement by ≥ one grade)	Treatment response at 46 wk
Zorzi et al[23], 2020	Anti-TNF, budesonide, thiopurines	Baseline-18 mo	Normalization of SICUS (BWT, disease extension, complications)	Long term lower cumulative probability of need for surgery, hospitalization, and need for steroids
Laterza et al[54], 2021	Anti-TNF	12 wk	CEUS increased PI and Pw	Clinical relapse within 6 mo
Ungar et al[55], 2020	Adalimumab	NA	Terminal ileum BWT < 4 mm	Therapy retention
Quaia et al[56], 2019	Anti-TNF	Baseline-6 wk	CEUS pretreatment values and % variations of peak enhancement, AUC, AUC during wash-in, AUC during wash-out	Long term response to therapy

IUS: Intestinal ultrasound; BWT: Bowel wall thickness; ECD: Eco-color-doppler; SWE: Shear wave elastography; UEI: Ultrasound elastography imaging; TR: Transmural remission; CEUS: Contrast enhanced ultrasound; AUC: Area under the curve; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; NA: Not available; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; AZA: Azacitidine.