Overview of current detection methods and microRNA potential in Clostridioides difficile infection screening

Table 3 Major immunochromatographic membrane assays

Methods/assays	Target(s)	Developer	Cell cytotoxicity assay		Toxigenic culture
			Sen, %	Spe, %	Sen, %	Spe, %
Microwell enzyme immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
GA C. diff Antigen[97]	Toxin A + B	The Binding Site	76.8	90.0	68.8	91.4
Premier toxin A+B[97-106]	Toxin A + B	Meridian Bioscience	58-99	94-100	40-86	91-100
Ridascreen toxin A/B[97,107,108]	Toxin A + B	Ridascreen	57-67	95-97	52-60	96-98
ProSpecT toxin A/B[97,109]	Toxin A + B	Remel/Oxoid (Thermo Scientific)	90-91	93-97	82	93
Techlab C. diff Chek-60 (GDH)[53,97,110]	GDH	Techlab	92.0-93.5	94.0-98.0	88.0-93.0	94.0-97.0
TechLab toxin A/B II[81,97,100,109-111]	Toxin A + B	TechLab	72-91	87-100	58-85	96-99
Membrane enzyme immunoassay
ImmunoCard toxins A/B[41,97,109,112,113]	Toxin A + B	Meridian Bioscience	85-96	97-99	41-69	93-99
Quick Chek Complete[40,105,112,114-117]	Toxin A + B	TechLab	50-73	100	29-79	89-100
Remel X/pect C. diff toxin A/B[97,113,118]	Toxin A + B	Remel	44-83	99-100	48-69	95-99
Tox A/B Quick Check[97,115,119-121]	Toxin A + B	TechLab	61-84	99	40-74	94-100
Chemiluminescence immunoassay
Liaison C. difficile toxins A and B[122,123]	Toxin A + B	DiaSorin	88	95	69-88	95-99
Enzyme-linked fluorescent assay
Vidas toxin A and B[97,116,123-128]	Toxin A + B	Vidas	53-98	99-100	44-80	95-99
Vidas GDH[40,129]	GDH	Vidas	97	87	56	100

Sen: Sensitivity; Sep: Specificity; GDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase; C. difficile or C. diff: Clostridioides difficile.