Lumen-apposing-metal stent misdeployment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainages: A systematic review focusing on issues and rescue management

Table 3 Characteristics of studies reporting lumen-apposing metal stents misdeployment during endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage

Ref.	Study design	Study population (n)	Clinical indication	Access to GB	Technical success (%)	LAMS maldeployment (n)	LAMS type	Size of LAMS (mm)	LAMS flange misdeployed	Rescue therapy
Ngamruengphong et al[50], 2015	Case report	1	Cholecysto-choledocal lithiasis	Duodenum	-	1	Hot Axios	-	Proximal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Rajadurai et al[22], 2022	Retrospective multicenter	49	-	Duodenum	95.7	2	Hot Axios	10 mm × 10 mm; 15 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Closure of the defect with clip; palliation (no further endoscopic treatment)
Cho et al[51], 2019	Prospective single center	22	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	95.5	1	Spaxus	10 mm × 20 mm	Proximal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Walter et al[52], 2016	Prospective multicenter	30	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Stomach	90	3	Hot Axios			Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Irani et al[53], 2015	Retrospective multicenter	15	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Duodenum	93	1	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
de la Serna-Higuera et al[54], 2013	Prospective single center	13	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Stomach	84.6	1	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Closure of the defect with clip (no further endoscopic treatment)
Dollhopf et al[55], 2017	Retrospective multicenter	75	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Stomach	98.7	1	Hot-Axios	10 mm × 10 mm	Proximal	Surgery
Teoh et al[56], 2017	Retrospective multicenter	59	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	96.6	1	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Surgery
Mangiavillano et al[57], 2021	Retrospective multicenter	18	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	83.3	1	Spaxus		Distal	Closure of the defect with clip followed by transpapillary stent placment
Teoh et al[29], 2021	Retrospective multicenter	27	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	88.9	2	Spaxus	10 mm × 10 mm; 16	Proximal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Higa et al[58], 2019	Retrospective single center	40	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	97.5	2	Hot Axios	10 mm × 10 mm; 15 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Redeployment of a new LAMS
Garg et al[59], 2018	Case report	1	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Stomach	-	1	Hot Axios	10 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Torres Yuste et al[60], 2020	Retrospective single center	34	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	97.1	3	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm; 15 mm × 10 mm	Distal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS (2/3); double pig-tail plastic stent in LAMS (1/3)
		37		-	97.3	1	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm; 15 mm × 10 mm	Proximal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
James et al[61], 2019	Retrospective multicenter	15	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	Stomach	93.3	1	Axios	10 mm × 10 mm; 15 mm × 10 mm	Proximal	Surgery
Irani et al[62],2017	Retrospective multicenter	45	Acute cholecystitis unfit for surgery	-	97.8	1	Axios	-	Distal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS
Cho et al[63], 2020	Retrospective multicenter	36	Acute cholecystitis, advanced malignancy unfit for surgery	-	94.4	2	Spaxus	-	Proximal	Stent-in-stent strategy using SEMS, emergent PTC

SEMS: Self-expanding metal stent; LAMS: Lumen-apposing metal stent; PTC: Percutaneous cholecystostomy; GB: Gallbladder.