Biliary complications after liver transplantation: A computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging pictorial review

Table 2 Post-transplant biliary complications related to surgery based on frequency, onset, and management

Type of complication	Frequency	Timing of onset	Common treatment
Biliary stricture	5%-15% (up to 30% in LDLT)	Early late	Refashioning after stenting
Biliary leak	2%-25%	Early	ERCP and stenting if anastomotic
Biloma/Biliary lake	2.6%-11.5%	Early	Percutaneous drainage and antibiotics if large
Bile duct filling defect	3%-6%	Early late	ERCP/percutaneous drainage
Sphincter of oddi dysfunction	2%-5%	Late	ERCP with sphincterotomy and consideration of stent placement
Redundant common bile duct	Rare	Late	Stent
Mucocele of bile duct remnant	Rare	Late	Surgery if causing compression

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; LDLT: Living donor liver transplantation.