Emerging role of the gut microbiome in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: A literature review

Table 2 Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome therapeutic options

Ref.	Therapeutic intervention	Outcome
Compare et al[102], 2017	Lactobacillus casei DG + postbiotic	↓The inflammatory mucosal response in an ex vivo organ culture model of PI-IBS-D
Hong et al[103], 2019	Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii)	↓Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in both the control and PI-IBS induced mice
Abbas et al[104], 2014	Saccharomyces boulardii	Improved the quality of life and the cytokine profile in PI-IBS patients
Lee et al[106], 2017	Bifidobacterium infantis	Restored the normal composition of gut microbiota and improved mental health among individuals with post-flood acquired IBS
Cao et al[107], 2018	Lactobacillus rhamnosus supernatant	Had a positive effect on SERT expression in colon tissues of rats with PI-IBS, improving IBS symptoms in PI-IBS rats
Chen et al[108], 2022	Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis supernatant, in PI-IBS rats	The supernatants of B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis can upregulate SERT expression in intestinal epithelial cells and the intestinal tissues in the rat model of PI-IBS
Tkach et al[110], 2022	RCT, low FODMAP diet + Otilonium Bromide + a multi-strain probiotic vs FMT procedure	FMT proved effectiveness in restoring normal gut microbiota and ameliorating PI-IBS symptoms, compared to traditional pharmacotherapy, as well as a high degree of safety and good tolerability
Liu et al[111], 2021	FMT procedure	FMT can partially restore the gut dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients by increasing the relative abundance of Actinobacteria (15.0%) and reducing Proteobacteria (2.8%) at the phylum level. At the genera level, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium had significantly increased after FMT
Jin et al[113], 2017	Rifamixin in PI-IBS rats	Rifaximin alleviated visceral hypersensitivity, recoverd intestinal barrier function and inhibited low-grade inflammation in colon and ileum of PI-IBS rats. Exerts anti-inflammatory effects with only a minimal action on the overall composition and diversity of the gut microbiota
Harris et al[114], 2019	Rifamixin vs placebo in veterans with IBS	Rifaximin was not associated with signifcant improvement in global symptoms, abdominal pain, stool frequency, urgency, bloating, or stool consistency
Tuteja et al[115], 2019	Rifamixin vs placebo in veterans with IBS	Rifaximin was not effective in improving IBS symptoms and QOL in GW veterans with non-constipated IBS
Lam et al[116], 2016	Mesalazine vs placebo	Mesalazine was no better than placebo in relieving symptoms of abdominal discomfort or disturbed bowel habit. Mesalazine did not reduce mast cell percentage area stained. A subgroup of patients with postinfectious IBS may benefit from mesalazine
Bafutto et al[117], 2011	Mesalazine in PI-IBS patients compared to non-infective IBS patients	Mesalazine reduced key symptoms of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea patients, with no statistical difference between IBS and PI-IBS
Tuteja et al[118], 2012	Mesalazine vs placebo	There was no significant improvement in global symptoms or overall QOL with mesalazine in patients with PI-IBS
Andresen et al[119], 2016	Mesalazine during the AGE with STEC	Mesalazine administration during AGE with STEC might be a protective factor for PI-IBS
Dunlop et al[120], 2003	Prednisolone vs placebo	Prednisolone does not appear to reduce the number of enterochromaffin cells or cause an improvement in symptoms in PI-IBS

AGE: Acute gastroenteritis; FMT: Fecal microbial transplantation; IBS-D: Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; PI-IBS: Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome; RCT: Randomised controlled trial; QOL: Quality of life; SERT: Serotonin transporter; STEC: Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli.