Dihydroergotamine ameliorates liver fibrosis by targeting transforming growth factor β type II receptor

Figure 1 Screening Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for binding to transforming growth factor β type II receptor. A: The combination of transforming growth factor β type II receptor (TGFβR2) and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1); B: The structure of TGFβR2; C: The affinity of each Food and Drug Administration-approved drug and TGFβR2. The affinity of TGFβR2 and darifenacin, cyproheptadine, lifitegrast, difenoxin, phenytoin, dihydroergotamine (DHE), naldemedine, and irinotecan was -7.6, -7.4, -7.4, -7.3, -7.3, -7.3, -7.3, and -7.3 kcal/mol, respectively; D: Cell viability of LX-2 treated with 20 μM of the drugs for 24 h (n = 5); E-H: Cell viability following LX-2 treatment with different concentrations of darifenacin, DHE, lifitegrast, and phenytoin for 24 h (n = 6). All data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. One-way ANOVA test was performed. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001, and ^dP < 0.0001. TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; TGFβR: Transforming growth factor β receptor; DHE: Dihydroergotamine.