Assessment of delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early-stage gastrointestinal tumors in patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants

Table 1 Possible methods for monitoring the anticoagulant ability of direct oral anticoagulants[49,71,87]

	Qualitative methods			Quantitative methods					Other
	aPTT	TT	PT	Anti-FIIa levels	Anti-Fxa levels	Plasma level	dTT	ECT/ECA	CBC	CMP
Dabigatran	2	2	2	1		1	2	2	2	2
Apixaban			2		1	1			2	2
Edoxaban			2		1	1			2	2
Rivaroxaban			2		1	1			2	2

¹Possible excellent markers.

²Possible sensitive markers.

APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; CBC: Complete blood count; CMP: Comprehensive metabolic panel; dTT: Dilute thrombin time; ECA: Ecarin chromogenic assay: ECT: Ecarin clotting time; FXa: Activated factor X; PT: Prothrombin time; TT: Thrombin time.