Current trends in acute pancreatitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

Table 2 Management of acute pancreatitis

Cornerstone treatment measures
Intensive monitoring and support of cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and hepatobiliary functions
	Fluid resuscitation with monitoring of vital constants and urine output
	Electrolyte solutions and Plasma expanders
	Humidified oxygen administration
	Catecholamine (dopamine, dobutamine) to prevent renal failure
Appropriate nutritional support
Early treatment of systemic complications
	Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure
	Catecholamine (epinephrine) if shock develops
	Hemofiltration, dialysis
	Insulin and calcium substitution to treat metabolic complications
Prevention of infectious complications
Biliary tract management
Management of necrotizing pancreatitis
	Conservative, Imaging, Endoscopic, Surgical management
Management of late complications
	Pancreatic pseudocysts
	Walled-off pancreatic necrosis
	Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome/pancreatic fistula
	Acute non-infectious complications in acute pancreatitis
		Intra-abdominal hypertension
		Pseudoaneurysm
		Venous thrombosis
		Bowel fistula
Management of special types of acute pancreatitis
	Pediatric
	Hyperparathyroidism
	Hypertriglyceridemia
	Post-ERCP pancreatitis
	Trauma
	Pregnancy
Long term complications and long-term care

ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.