Paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Asian-Pacific region: Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques

Table 1 Diagnostic yield of oesophagogastroduodenoscopies

Country	Year	Cohort size (n)	Indications (top three) (%)	Findings (%)	Ref.
China	2018-2019	2268	Abdominal pain (86.2). Vomiting (31.1). Weight loss (15.1)	62.5% abnormal. Highest yield in dysphagia	[105]
Nepal	2013-2016	270	Abdominal pain (77.3). Vomiting/reflux (8.4). Failure to thrive (7.0)	92.5% abnormal. Gastroduodenitis (28.1). Antral gastritis (18.5). Erosive gastritis (15.9)	[106]
India	2013-2016	822	Variceal surveillance (19.1). Dyspepsia (17.4). Upper GI bleed (16.5)	45.8% abnormal. Duodenal ulcers/varices most common	[16]
Israel	2014	407	Suspected coeliac disease (28.2). Abdominal pain (15.0). Persistent H. pylori (10.3)	59.2% abnormal. Coeliac disease (28), H. pylori (16.5), Crohn’s disease (5.4)	[107]
Jordan	2014-2020	778	Abdominal pain (45.1). Vomiting (21.1). Weight loss (10.3)	47.2% abnormal. H. pylori (66.1). Coeliac disease (30.4). Eosinophilic GI disease (3.6)	[18]
Malaysia	2008-2011	231 OGD. 44 OGD and Colonoscopies	Variceal surveillance (50.0). Upper GI bleed (26.0). Abdominal pain (13.4)	79.0% abnormal	[15]
South Korea	2008-2013	554	Abdominal pain (64.1). Dysphagia (9.0). Vomiting (9.0)	88.1% abnormal. Gastritis (53.1). Esophagitis (17.7)	[17]
Thailand	2000-2002	38	Recurrent abdominal pain	45% abnormal. H. pylori (26.3)	[108]
United States	2002-2005	454	Recurrent abdominal pain	38.1% abnormal. Reflux esophagitis (23.0). H. pylori (5.0). Peptic ulcers (3.0)	[37]

OGD: Oesophagogastroduodenoscopies; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; GI: Gastrointestinal.