Non-invasive evaluation of liver steatosis with imaging modalities: New techniques and applications

Table 2 Summary of studies using ultrasound methods to evaluate hepatic steatosis

Ref.	No.	Method	Reference standard	Grade of steatosis	Optimal cutoff value	AUROC
Bae et al[59], 2019	108	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.64	0.84
				≥ S2	0.70	0.89
				≥ S3	0.75	0.93
Bae et al[60], 2022	120	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.66	0.91
				≥ S2	0.66	0.91
Tada et al[62], 2019	148	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.66	0.85
				≥ S2	0.67	0.91
				≥ S3	0.68	0.91
Tada et al[63], 2020	119	ATI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.63	0.81
				≥ S2	0.73	0.87
				≥ S3	0.75	0.94
Jeon et al[61], 2019	87	ATI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.59	0.76
Ferraioli et al[65], 2019	129	ATI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.63	0.91
				≥ S2	0.72	0.95
Ferraioli et al[66], 2021	72	ATI-GEN	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.62	0.92
		ATI-PEN	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.69	0.90
Sugimoto et al[67], 2021	111	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.67	0.88
				≥ S2	0.72	0.86
				≥ S3	0.86	0.79
Hsu et al[70], 2021	28	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.69	0.97
				≥ S2	0.78	0.99
				≥ S3	0.82	0.97
Kwon et al[57], 2021	100	ATI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.62	0.91
				≥ S2	0.72	0.94
Jang et al[58], 2022	57	ATI	LB	≥ S1	0.62	0.81
Koizumi et al[73], 2019	89	ATT	LB	≥ S1	0.68	0.74
				≥ S2	0.72	0.80
				≥ S3	0.78	0.96
Tamaki et al[54], 2018	351	ATT	LB	≥ S1	0.63	0.79
				≥ S2	0.69	0.87
				≥ S3	0.85	0.96
Fujiwara et al[75], 2018	163	UGAP	LB	≥ S1	0.53	0.90
				≥ S2	0.60	0.95
				≥ S3	0.65	0.96
Imajo et al[76], 2022	1010	UGAP	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.65	0.91
				≥ S2	0.71	0.91
				≥ S3	0.77	0.89
Kuroda et al[79], 2021	202	UGAP	LB	≥ S1	0.49	0.89
				≥ S2	0.65	0.91
				≥ S3	0.69	0.92
Tada et al[80], 2019	126	UGAP	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.60	0.92
				≥ S2	0.69	0.87
				≥ S3	0.69	0,89
Jeon et al[83], 2021	120	TAI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.88	0.86
		TSI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	91.2	0.96
Rónaszéki et al[84], 2022	110	TAI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.59	0.92
		TSI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	99.7	0.91
Şendur et al[85], 2023	80	TAI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.75	0.95
				≥ S2	0.86	0.97
				≥ S3	0.96	0.97
		TSI	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	92.44	0.96
				≥ S2	96.64	0.91
				≥ S3	99.45	0.94
Lin et al[91], 2015	204	BSC	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	0.0038	0.98
Dillman et al[94], 2022	56	UDFF	MRI-PDFF	≥ S1	5%	0.90
Labyed et al[37], 2020	101	UDFF	LB	≥ S1	8.1%	0.94
				≥ S2	15.9%	0.88
				≥ S3	16.1%	0.83

AUROC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; LB: Liver biopsy; MRI-PDFF: Magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction; ATI: Attenuation imaging; ATT: Attenuation measurement function; UGAP: Ultrasound-guided attenuation parameter; TAI: Tissue attenuation imaging; TSI: Tissue scatter distribution imaging; BSC: Backscatter coefficient; UDFF: Ultrasound-derived fat fraction.