Emerging role of non-invasive and liquid biopsy biomarkers in pancreatic cancer

Table 4 Cell-free biomarkers involved in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from other pancreatic benign diseases

Biomarkers	CP	AIP	PanIN	IPMN	MCN
PENK DNA	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
CUX2	Yes	No	No	No	No
REGIA	Yes	No	No	No	No
TFP12	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
FOXE1	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
P16	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
NPTX2	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
PENK	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
CYCLIN D2	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
CDO1	No	Yes	No	No	No
HAS-mIR-23a	No	No	No	Yes	No
HAS-mIR-23b	No	No	No	Yes	No
HAS-mIR-210	Yes	No	No	No	No
Let-7c	Yes	No	No	No	No
S100A9	Yes	No	No	No	No
BNCI	No	No	Yes	No	No
ADAMTS1	No	No	No	No	No
BNC1	No	No	No	No	No
9-Sep	No	No	No	No	No
GPC1	No	No	No	No	No
PFAA	No	No	No	No	No
OPNT + TIMP-1	No	No	No	No	No
CPA4	No	No	No	No	No
MUC5 AC	No	No	No	No	No
C4BPA	No	No	No	No	No

AIP: Autoimmune pancreatitis; CP: Chronic pancreatitis; IPMN: Intrapapillary mucinous neoplasia; MCN: Mucinous cystic neoplasm; PanCa: Pancreatic cancer; PanIN: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.