Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives

Table 5 Summary of preclinical studies of synbiotics

Ref.	Model	Probiotics	Prebiotics	Dose	Parameters analyzed	Conclusion
Xue et al[80], 2023	DSS-induced colitis in mice	Lactobacillus plantarum LP90	Soluble dietary fiber obtained from Lentinula edodes by products	1 × 109 CFU/kg	DAI, histological studies, IL-10, IL-17, IgA levels, TNF-α	Alleviated colitis
Ivanovska et al[81], 2017	DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifodobacterium longum	Equal parts FOS, GOS and XOS	0.5 × 109 CFU Probiotics and 2.5 g of prebiotics for 1 mo	Gut microbiome, cecal and fecal SCFAs	Increased the diversity of the microbiome and be associated with more SCFAs, and less gut inflammation
Seong et al[82], 2020	Chronic restraint stress in male Wistar rats	L. paracasei	Opuntia humifusa extract (mucilage + pectin)	L. paracasei (1 × 1010 CFU/g) & (10.0/30.0 mg%, w/w) of Opuntia humifusa extract once daily for 4 wk	Fecal microbial analysis, serum corticosterone levels, TNF-α levels in the colon tissue	Effective (greater abundance of L. paracasei in fecal microbial analysis, lower serum corticosterone levels, lower TNF-α levels in the colon tissue
dos Santos Cruz et al[83], 2020	IL 10- knockout mice	VSL#3	Yacon (6% FOS + inulin)	VSL#3 (109 CFU/d) + PBY (6% FOS and inulin) for 13 wk	Manifestations of colitis, colon histology, expression of antioxidant enzymes, production of organic acids, and intestinal microbiota	Preservation of intestinal architecture, improve intestinal integrity, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and concentration of organic acids
Wang et al[84], 2019	DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. Rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium lactis	Inulin	Probiotics: 1.0 × 109 CFU per day per mice, and prebiotic 5 × 108 CFU/d	Pathologic scores, mucosal flora	Increased the proportion of helpful bacteria and regulated the balance of intestinal microbiota, reduced the degree of inflammation in acute colitis mice
Son et al[85], 2019	DSS-induced colitis in female BALB/c mice	LGG	Tagatose	109 CFU/mL of LGG and 25 mg of tagatose once in 2 d for 3 wk	Body weight, food intake, rectal bleeding, stool conditions, blood in stool, expression of proinflammatory cytokines	Effective (gut microbiota composition recovered from the dysbiosis caused by DSS treatment)
Ivanovska et al[81], 2017	TNBS-induced colitis in Wistar rats	L. Casey 01	Oligofructose-enriched inulin	1 mL containing non-encapsulated probiotic/prebiotics once daily for 2 wk	Assessment of colonic damage, inflammation scoring, MPO and microbiological studies	Effective

DAI: Disease activity index; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; FOS: Fructooligosaccharides; GOS: Galactooligosaccharides; XOS: Xylooligosaccharides; CFU: Colony forming unit; DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; LGG: L. rhamnosus strain; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids.