Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives

Table 2 Summary of clinical studies of using probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease patients

Ref.	Treatment	Dose and duration	Parameters analyzed	Conclusion
Agraib et al[43], 2022	Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species	3 × 1010 probiotic capsules	Partial mayo score, CRP, IgA, IL-10, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC levels	Significantly induced remission in UC patients
Ojetti et al[44], 2022	Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659	Two times a day for 10 d	Inflammatory markers CRP and calprotectin	Significantly reduced both blood and fecal inflammatory marker
Wu et al[45], 2021	Live bacillus licheniformis capsules and live combined Bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, and enterococcus capsules followed by Chamomile capsules	Bacillus licheniformis capsules two capsules, three times a day and live combined Bifidobacterium, lactobacillus, and enterococcus capsules two capsules twice a day. Probiotics consumed at a level of 107 CFU/mL	Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity, Beck Depression Inventory questionnaires	Probiotics tend to improve cognitive reactivity to the sad mood in CD patients
Bamola et al[46], 2021	Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2	2 billion-CFU/capsule twice in day 4 wk	Presence of beneficial gut bacteria, serum cytokines, symptoms of the disease	Showed beneficial effect when administered along with standard medical treatment
Waal M van der et al[47], 2019	Nine bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium bifidum W23; Bifidobacterium lactis W51; Bifidobacterium lactis W52; Lactobacillus acidophilus W22; Lactobacillus casei W56; Lactobacillus paracasei W20; Lactobacillus plantarum W62; Lactobacillus salivarius W24; Lactobacillus lactis W19)	7.5 × 109 CFU per 3 g in powder form, once daily for 6 wk	Quality of life from a patient perspective (semi-structured interviews)	Effective
Kamarli Altun et al[48], 2022	Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium long, and FOS	Probiotic strains (3 × 109 CFU) and FOS (225 mg/ tablet), 1 tablet twice a day for 8 wk	Hemoglobin, leukocyte, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, sedimentation, and CRP, clinical and endoscopic activity indices	Effective
Sun et al[49], 2018	Clostridium butyricum	420 mg per capsule, 1.5 × 107 CFU/g, 3 capsules 3 times a day for 4 wk	Change from baseline in IBD symptoms, quality of life, stool consistency, and frequency	Effective
Matsuoka et al[50], 2018	Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and Lactobacillus acidophilus	10 billion bacteria of Bifidobacterium breve and 1 billion bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus, one pack per day for 48 wk	Clinical procedure (change in abdominal symptom score from baseline. Sutherland DAI subscore, change in abdominal symptom scores (passage of flatus and bloating), and intestinal microbiota	Less significant effect

CRP: C-reactive protein; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; CFU: Colony forming unit; FOS: Fructooligosaccharides; DAI: Disease activity index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; RBC: Red blood cell; IL: Interleukin.