Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives

Table 1 Summary of preclinical studies of probiotics

Ref.	Model	Treatment	Dose and duration	Parameters analyzed	Conclusion
Yoo et al[26], 2022	DSS-induced colitis in male C57BL/6 mice	Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum	1 × 109 CFU once daily for 5 d	Cytokines and corticosterone, colonic MPO activity, fecal LPS level	Suppressed colonic inflammation, and fatigue by the suppression of the IL-1β or IL-6 to IL-10 expression ratio and gut bacterial LPS production
Qin et al[27], 2022	DSS-induced colitis in mice	Lactobacillus (Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Weissella cibaria)	-	DAI, colon length, pathological score, cytokine secretion	Showed the potential to treat IBD
Khan et al[28], 2022	DSS-induced colitis in mice (C57BL/6)	Lactobacillus plantarum	-	Colitis indexes, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, and TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., TGF-β, IL-10	Restored gut microbiota balance and modulated the resident gut microbiota and immune response
Fei et al[29], 2022	DSS-induced colitis in mice (C57/BL6)	Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 and RSV	Li01 (109 CFU/d) and RSV (1.5 g/kg/d)	IL-1β and IL-6, TGF-β and IL-17A	An improved synergistic anti-inflammatory effect from the RSV and Li01 combination treatment
Liu et al[30], 2021	DSS-induced colitis in mice (C57/BL6)	Goji juice fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus thermophilus	20 mL/kg/d for 30 d	Pro-inflammatory cytokines and total superoxide dismutase in serum and colon, MPO and glutathione peroxidase	Probiotics-fermentation enhanced the anti-ulcerative colitis function of goji berry juice and modulated gut microbiota
Kim et al[31], 2020	DSS-induced colitis in male C57BL/6 mice	Lactobacillus plantarum CBT LP3 (KCTC 10782BP)	1 × 108 bacteria in 0.1 mL PBS once daily for 16 d	DAI, analysis of macrophages and T cell subsets gene expression and cytokine profiles	Effective anti-inflammatory effects, with increased induction of Treg and restoration of goblet cells, suppression of proinflammatory cytokines
Chen et al[32], 2020	DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Bifidobacterium breve, CCFM683	0.2 mL (1010 CFU/d CCFM683, once daily for 2 wk	Weight loss, stool consistency and fecal blood	Improved intestinal epithelial barriers, restored gut microbiota
Chen et al[33], 2020	DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis with (quadruple probiotics, Pqua) or without (triple probiotics, P-tri) aerobic Bacillus cereus	B. infantis, L. acidophilus, and E. faecalis (1.5 × 109 CFU respectively) in 200 uL PBS and B. cereus (0.5 × 108 CFU) in 200 uL once daily for 45 d	Intestinal inflammation and functions of multiple barriers, including the mucus barrier, and epithelial barrier	Effective (Aerobe-contained Pqua was a powerful adjuvant therapy for chronic colitis, via restoring the intestinal microflora and recovering the multi-barriers in the inflamed gut)
Komaki et al[34], 2020	Mice	Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactic JCM5805	1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg, once daily for 1 wk	The survival rate, length, histopathological parameters of the colon, and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in serum	Effective (high-dose administration deteriorates intestinal inflammation)
Silveira et al[35], 2020	C57BL/6 mice	Lactobacillus bulgaricus	1 × 109 CFU was diluted in 200 mL of PBS, 3 times per week for 12 wk	Intestinal inflammation, cytokines levels were determined from colon and/or tumor	Regulates the inflammatory response and prevents Colitis-associated cancer

DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate; CFU: Colony forming unit; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; DAI: Disease activity Index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; RSV: Resveratrol; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; PBS: Phosphate buffer solution; Tregs: Regulatory T cells.