Gastrointestinal microbiome and cholelithiasis: Current status and perspectives

Table 1 Studies of the gastrointestinal microbiome in cholelithiasis

Microbial changes	Samples	Disease types vs control	Methods	Ref.
↑Desulfovibrionales	Feces	Cholesterol gallstone vs gallstone-free	16S sequencing	Hu et al[51]
↑Megamonas, Comamonas, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Coprobacillus, Adlercreutzia, unclassified_p_Firmicutes, Morganella, CHKCI002, and Tyzzerella_4; ↓Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008, Sutterella, GCA-900066755, Butyricicoccus, unclassified_o_Lactobacillales, and Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group	Feces	Asymptomatic gallstone vs gallstone-free	16S sequencing	Song et al[33]
↓Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella spp., Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Alistipes spp., Bacteroides spp., Dorea spp., Methanobacteria, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Ruminococcus spp., and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Feces	Cholesterol gallstone vs pigment gallstone	16S sequencing	Georgescu et al[37]
↑7α-dehydroxylating bacteria	Feces	Gallstone vs gallstone-free	Culture	Wells et al[49]
↑Proteobacteria; ↓Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, and Roseburia	Feces	Gallstone vs controls	16S sequencing	Wu et al[9]
↑Aeromonas, Enterococcus, Unclassified_Enterobacteriaceae, and Citrobacter↓Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Nesterenkonia, and Pyramidobacter	Bile	Recurrent CBD stone vs new-onset CBD stone	16S sequencing	Chen et al[19]
↑Synergistetes; ↓Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria	Bile	Recurrent CBD stone vs primary CBD stone	16S sequencing	Tan et al[20]
↑Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Veillonellaceae	Bile	Gallstone vs controls	16S sequencing	Molinero et al[8]
↑Brevundimonas and Prevotella_1; ↓Actinomyces, Proteus, Clostridiumsensu_stricto, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008, Butyrivibrio, Roseburia, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Helicobacter, Enterobacter	Bile	Primary CBD stone vs controls	16S sequencing	Lyu et al[12]
↑Alcaligenaceae	Bile	Primary bile duct stone vs secondary bile duct stone	16S sequencing	Feng et al[18]

CBD: Common bile duct.