In vivo recognition of bioactive substances of Polygonum multiflorum for protecting mitochondria against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Figure 4 Effects of Polygonum multiflorum extract on the mitochondrial status of the liver from high-fat diet-fed rats. Sprague Dawley rats were administered saline, resveratrol, or Polygonum multiflorum extract (2, 4, or 8 g/kg/d). After 3 mo of high-fat diet feeding, rats were sacrificed, and livers were harvested for observation of the mitochondrial ultrastructure and mitochondrial isolations. A: Mitochondria were assessed by transmission electron microscope (original magnification × 30000; bar = 500 nm); B: Levels of malondialdehyde were determined using a commercial kit; C: Levels of glutathione were determined using a commercial kit; D: Levels of superoxide dismutase were determined using a commercial kit; E: Levels of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase were determined using a commercial kit; F: Levels of Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase were determined using a commercial kit; G: Levels of complex I were determined using a commercial kit; H: Levels of complex II in isolated liver mitochondria were determined using a commercial kit. Values represent the mean ± SD from six animals. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs model group. ATPase: ATP synthase; Complex I/II: rat mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I/II, GSH: Glutathione; HPM: High-dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; LPM: Low-dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MOD: Model; MPM: Middle-dose Polygonum multiflorum extract; NC: Normal control; RES: Resveratrol; SOD: Superoxide dismutase.