Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of minimal hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis

Figure 2 Systemic inflammation, hyperammonemia, and endotoxemia influence the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, resulting in neuroinflammation and low-grade cerebral edema, contributing to the pathogenesis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.