Current status and future perspectives of radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 Summary of the studies that evaluated radiomics models to predict genetic profile in patients with hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma

Ref.	Country	n	Imaging modality	Endpoint	Segmentation	ROI/VOI	No. of readers	Main results	Validation
Xia et al[98], 2018	China	38	CT	Association with gene expression profile	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	Individual textural features predicted gene modules	No
Wu et al[44], 2022	China	Training: 120. Validation: 52	CT	Ki-67 expression	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	AUC: 0.85 (training), 0.74 (validation)	Internal
Li et al[45], 2019	China	83	MRI	Ki-67 expression	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	Some features were associated, no model	No
Ye et al[47], 2019	China	89	MRI	Ki-67 expression	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	C-index: 0.878	No
Fan et al[46], 2021	China	Training: 103. Validation: 48	MRI	Ki-67 expression	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	AUC: 0.88 (training), 0.80 (validation)	Internal
Hu et al[48], 2022	China	Training: 87. Validation: 21	MRI	Ki-67 expression	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	AUC: 0.90 (training), 0.83 (validation)	Internal
Wang et al[50], 2019	China	78	MRI	CK19 positivity	Manual, intra- and peritumoral	ROI	1	AUC: 0.76	No
Chen et al[51], 2021	China	Training: 102. Validation: 19	MRI	CK19 positivity	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC: 0.82 (training), 0.78 (external validation)	Internal and external
Yang et al[52], 2021	China (multi-center)	Training: 143. Validation: 75	MRI	CK19 positivity	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC: 0.85 (training), 0.79 (external validation)	Internal and external
Wu et al[55], 2019	China	63	CT	P53 mutation status	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC: 0.62-0.79	No
Li et al[99], 2022	China	92	MRI	Gene signatures associated with disease recurrence	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	MRI radiomics features could help quantify GOLM1, SETD7, and RND1 expression levels	Internal
Liao et al[56], 2022	China	Training: 86. Validation: 46	CT	Somatic mutations of the PI3K signaling pathway	Manual, intratumoral and peritumoral	VOI	2	AUC: 0.74 (training), 0.73 (external validation)	Internal and external
Che et al[60], 2022	China	Training: 69. Validation: 30	CT	β-arrestin1 phosphorylation	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	AUC: 0.89 (training), 0.74 (validation)	Internal

AUC: Area under the curve; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ROI: Region of interest; VOI: Volume of interest; CK19: Cytokeratin 19; PI3K: P53, and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase.